Lower Saxon Circle
Braunschweig und Luneburg
c. 880 (old) Duchy of Saxony (Herzogtum Sachsen)
21 Aug 1235 Herzogtum Braunschweig (Duchy of Brunswick)
1269 Divided into lines: Calenburg, Luneburg (Celle) and Wolfenbuttel,
Princes of all are styled Herzog von Braunschweig und Luneburg
(Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg
1291 Grubenhagen and Gottingen lines split from Braunschweig-Lunenurg
10 Jan 1356 Golden Bull confers the title of Prince-Elector
to the Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg which becomes
the Electorate of Saxony, an entirely different
geographical location to the original (old) Saxony
04 Apr 1596 Grubenhagen line extinct, formally dissolved 1648
19 Dec 1692 Ernst August of Calenberg elevated to a
prince-elector of the empire, approved
by the imperial diet in 1708
28 Aug 1705 Calenburg and Lungeburg lines incorporated into Hannover
01 Aug 1714 - 20 Jun 1837 In personal union with Great Britain
04 Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805 Braunschweig-Luneburg occupied by France
26 Oct 1805 Braunschweig-Luneburg occupied by Prussia
01 Apr 1806 Braunschweig-Luneburg annexed by Prussia
12 Nov 1806 Braunschweig-Luneburg occupied by France
01 Mar 1810 - 29 Oct 1813 Braunschweig-Luneburg incorporated into Westphalia
29 Oct - 06 Nov 1813 Allied administration
06 Nov 1813 Restored
12 Oct 1814 Braunscheig-Luneburg becomes Kingdom of Hannover
Monarchs
02 Feb 880 - 30 Nov 912 Otto I "The Illustrious"
30 Nov 912 - 02 Jul 936 Heinrich I "The Fowler"
02 Jul 936 - 961 Otto II, Kaiser
961 - 27 Mar 973 Billung, Hermann I
27 Mar 973 - 09 Feb 1011 Billung, Bernhard I
09 Mar 1011 - 29 Jun 1059 Sachsen, Bernhard II
29 Jun 1059 - 28 Mar 1072 Sachsen, Ordulf
28 Mar 1072 - 23 Aug 1106 Sachsen, Magnus
23 Aug 1106 - 04 Dec 1137 Sachsen, Lothar
04 Dec 1137 - 20 Oct 1138 Sachsen, Heinrich II "The Proud"
20 Oct 1138 - 1142 Bar, Albrecht I
1142 - 1180 Welf, Heinrich III "The Lion"
1180 - 02 Feb 1212 Ascanian, Bernhard III
02 Feb 1212 - 07 Oct 1260 Ascanian, Albrecht II
07 Oct 1260 - 1282 Ascanian, Johann I
(co-ruler)
07 Oct 1260 - 20 Sep 1296 Ascanian, Albrecht III
1282 - 20 Sep 1296 Ascanian, Erich
(co-ruler)
1282 - 20 Sep 1296 Ascanian, Albrecht IV
(co-ruler)
1282 - 20 Sep 1296 Ascanian, Johann II
(co-ruler)
Dukes of Braunschweig und Luneburg
21 Aug 1235 - 09 Jun 1252 Otto I
09 Jun 1252 - 13 Dec 1277 Johann I
09 Jun 1252 - 1269 Albert I
13 Dec 1277 - 07 Sep 1322 Heinrich I
1279-1318 Albert II
1279-1286 Wilhelm I
1318-1330 Otto II
1330-1352 Otto III
1330-1344 Wilhelm II
- Gottingen Line -
Princes
01 Oct 1292 - 22 Sep 1318 Albrecht II
22 Sep 1318 - 30 Aug 1344 Otto "der Milde"
30 Aug 1344 - 24 Apr 1367 Welf, Ernst I
24 Apr 1367 - 13 Dec 1394 Welf, Otto I "der Quade"
1473 - 1495 Welf, Wilhelm IV "der Jungere"
1482 - 10 Dec 1484 Welf, Friedrich III "der Unruhige"
- Grubenhagen Line -
Princes
1322 - 1325 Welf, Heinrich II
1322 - 09 Mar 1361 Welf, Ernst I
1322 - 1360 Welf, Wilhelm
1322 - 23 Mar 1367 Welf, Johann I
09 Mar 1361 - 1383 Welf, Albrecht I
1361 - 1364 Welf, Johann II
1383 - 28 May 1427 Welf, Erich I
28 May 1427 - 20 Dec 1464 Welf, Heinrich III
1440 - 15 Aug 1485 Welf, Albrecht II
05 Dec 1479 - 06 Dec 1526 Welf, Heinrich IV
15 Aug 1485 - 04 Sep 1551 Welf, Philipp I
04 Sep 1551 - 02 Apr 1567 Welf, Ernst III
02 Apr 1567 - 14 May 1595 Welf, Wolfgang
14 May 1595 - 04 Apr 1596 Welf, Philipp II
1344-1345 Ernst I
1344-1369 Magnus I
1369-1373 Magnus II
1373-1400 Friedrich
1388-1432 Bernard I
1388-1416 Heinrich II
1432-1434 Heinrich III
1458-1464 Bernard II
1471-1482 Heinrich IV
1520-1546 Ernst II
1546-1559 Franz Otto
1559-1592 Wilhelm III
1592-1611 Ernst III
1611-1633 Christian
1633-1636 August
- Calenburg Line -
1491 - 23 Jun 1514 Welf, Heinrich IV "The Evil" ............... 1463-1514
1491 - 30 Jul 1540 Welf, Erich I
1545 - 17 Nov 1584 Welf, Erich II
17 Nov 1584 - 03 May 1589 Welf, Julius
03 May 1589 - 30 Jul 1613 Heinrich Julius
30 Jul 1613 - 11 Aug 1634 Friedrich Ulrich
11 Aug 1634 - 02 Apr 1641 Georg II
02 Apr 1641 - 15 Mar 1655 Christian Ludwig
15 Mar 1665 - 18 Dec 1679 Hans Friedrich
18 Dec 1679 - 23 Jan 1698 Ernst August
23 Jan 1698 - 28 Aug 1705 Welf, Georg Ludwig
- Luneburg Line -
1269 - 13 Dec 1277 Welf, Johann I ............................. 1242-1277
13 Dec 1277 - 10 Apr 1330 Welf, Otto II "der Strenge" ................ 1266-1330
10 Apr 1330 - 19 Aug 1352 Welf, Otto III ............................. 1296-1352
10 Apr 1330 - 25 Nov 1369 Welf, Wilhelm II ........................... 1300-1369
25 Nov 1369 - 25 Jul 1373 Welf, Magnus II Torquatus .................. 1324-1373
25 Jul 1373 - 05 Jun 1400 Welf, Friedrich I .......................... 1357-1400
05 Jun 1400 - 14 Oct 1416 Welf, Heinrich I "der Milde" ............... 1355-1416
11 Jun 1434 - 1457 Welf, Friedrich II "der Fromme" (1st Time) . 1418-1478
(co-ruler to 1466)
1457 - 09 Feb 1464 Welf, Bernhard II .......................... 1437-1464
(jointly with Otto I)
1547 - 09 Jan 1471 Welf, Otto I "der Siegreiche" .............. 1439-1471
09 Jan 1471 - 19 Mar 1478 Welf, Friedrich II (2nd Time)
1486 - 19 Feb 1532 Welf, Heinrich "der Mittlere" .............. 1468-1532
1520 - 11 Jan 1546 Welf, Ernst I .............................. 1497-1546
(regent for Heinrich to 1532,
jointly with Otto to 1527)
1520 - 1527 Welf, Otto II .............................. 1495-1549
11 Jan 1546 - 20 Aug 1592 Welf, Wilhelm "der Jungere" ................ 1535-1592
20 Aug 1592 - 02 Mar 1611 Welf, Ernst II ............................. 1564-1611
02 Mar 1611 - 08 Nov 1633 Welf, Christian "der Aeltere" .............. 1566-1533
08 Nov 1633 - 01 Oct 1636 Welf, August "der Aeltere" ................. 1568-1636
01 Oct 1636 - 10 Dec 1648 Welf, Friedrich III ........................ 1578-1648
10 Dec 1648 - 15 Mar 1665 Welf, Christian Ludwig ..................... 1622-1665
15 Mar 1665 - 28 Aug 1705 Welf, Georg Wilhelm ........................ 1624-1705
Kurfurst von Hannover (Electors of Hannover)
19 Dec 1692 - 23 Jan 1698 Welf, Ernst August
23 Jan 1698 - 11 Jun 1727 Welf, Georg I Ludwig ....................... 1660-1727
11 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 Welf, Georg II August ...................... 1683-1760
25 Oct 1760 - 01 Apr 1806 Welf, Georg III ............................ 1738-1820
(resident in London, Great Britain)
26 Oct 1805 - 27 Jan 1806 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand
Herzog von Braunschweig
(Regent for Georg III)
1269 Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
28 Aug 1807 - 30 Oct 1813 Wolfenbuttel part of the Kingdom of Westphalia (Napoleonic client state)
16 Jun 1815 Wolfenbuttel restored as the Duchy of Braunschweig (Brunswick)
- Wolfenbuttel Line -
Princes
1269 - 15 Aug 1279 Albrecht I "der Grosse"
15 Aug 1279 - 22 Sep 1318 Albrecht II "der dicke"
(jointly with the following)
15 Aug 1279 - 1291 Heinrich I "der Wunderliche"
15 Aug 1279 - 30 Sep 1292 Wilhelm I
30 Aug 1344 - 1369 Magnus I "der Fromer"
25 Jul 1373 - 14 Oct 1416 Heinrich III
14 Oct 1416 - 1482 Wilhelm III
14 Oct 1416 - 1473 Heinrich IV
1482 - 1495 Wilhelm IV
1482 - 1485 Friedrich IV
1495 - 23 Jun 1514 Heinrich VIII
23 Jun 1514 - 11 Jun 1568 Heinrich IX
11 Jun 1568 - 03 May 1589 Julius
03 May 1589 - 30 Jul 1613 Heinrich Julius
30 Jul 1613 - 11 Aug 1634 Friedrich Ulrich
11 Aug 1634 - 17 Sep 1666 August II
17 Sep 1666 - 26 Jan 1704 Rudolf August
(co-ruler)
17 Sep 1666 - 27 Mar 1714 Anton Ulrich
27 Mar 1714 - 23 Mar 1731 August Wilhelm
23 Mar 1731 - 01 Mar 1735 Ludwig Rudolf
01 Mar - 02 Sep 1735 Ferdinand Albrecht II
02 Sep 1735 - 26 Mar 1780 Karl I
26 Mar 1780 - 16 Oct 1806 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand
16 Oct 1806 - 28 Aug 1807 Friedrich Wilhelm "der Schwarze Herzog"
-Braunschweig-
1139-1195 Heinrich I
1195-1213 Wilhelm I
1195-1218 Otto I
1195-1227 Heinrich II
1213-1252 Otto II Das Kind
-Braunschweig-Braunschweig-
1267-1277 Albrecht I
1279-1292 Wilhelm II
-Braunschwieg Celle-
1527-1546 Ernst I
1546-1559 Franz Otto I
1546-1569 Heinrich X
1546-1569 Wilhelm I
1636-1648 Friederich I
1648-1665 Christian Ludwig I
1665-1705 Georg Wilhelm I
Holstein-Gottorp
06 Jan 1695 Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp
01 Jul 1773 Ceded to Denmark by Empress Catherine The Great of Russia
Dukes
06 Jan 1695 - 19 Jun 1702 Friedrich IV
19 Jun 1702 - 18 Jun 1739 Karl Friedrich
18 Jun 1739 - 17 Jul 1762 Karl Peter Ulrich
17 Jul 1762 - 01 Jul 1773 Paul