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Rome
 
Roman Empire
 
    Adopted 312
 
508 - 59 BC Roman Republic
59 BC - 395 AD Roman Empire
       395     Divided it to the Western and Eastern Empires
04 Sep 476     Western Empire abolished
 
Capital: Rome
Government: Autocracy
Language: Latin, Greek
Religion: Roman Religion, Christianity after 380
National Anthem: None
National Motto: SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus)
Currency: Aureus (Gold), Denarius (Silva), Sestertius (Bronze), As (Copper)
 
Emperors
   Oct 49 - 15 Mar 44 Julius I Ceaser .................................................. 102-44
15 Mar 44 -        42 Marcus Antonius ................................................... 83-30
       42 -    Jan 27 Circeo
16 Jan 27 BC - 19 Aug AD 14 Gaius Julius Octavianus ..................................... 63-19
18 Sep 14 - 16 Mar 37 Tiberius Claudius Nero ............................................ 42-37
18 Mar 37 - 24 Jan 41 Gaius Julius Caligula ............................................. 12-41
26 Jan 41 - 13 Oct 54 Tiberius Claudius Caesur Augustus Germanicus ...................... 10-51
13 Oct 54 - 11 Jun 68 Nero Claudius Augustus Germanicus ................................. 37-68
(Year of the four Emperors)
11 Jun 68 - 15 Jan 69 Galba
15 Jan    - 16 Apr 69 Otho
17 Apr    - 20 Dec 69 Vitellius
01 Jul 69 - 24 Jun 79 Vespasian
                      (in opposition to Vitellius)
24 Jun 79 - 13 Sep 81 Titus
14 Sep 81 - 18 Sep 96 Domitian
(Five Good Emperors)
18 Sep 96 - 27 Jan 98 Nerva
28 Jan 98 - 07 Aug 117 Trajan
11 Aug 117 - 10 Jul 138 Hadrian ......................................................... 76-138
10 Jul 138 - 07 Mar 161 Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionilus Arrius Antionius Pius ........... 86-161
07 Mar 161 - 17 Mar 180 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus ............................. 121-180
07 Mar 161 -    Mar 169 Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus Armeniacus ...................... 130-169
                        (co-Emperor with Marcus Aurelius)
17 Mar 180 - 31 Dec 192 Marcus Aurelius Commodus I Antoninus ........................... 161-192
01 Jan     - 28 Mar 193 Publius Helvius Pertinax I ..................................... 126-193
28 Mar     - 01 Jun 193 Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus I Severus .......................i133-193
09 Apr 193 - 04 Feb 211 Lucius Septimius Severus ....................................... 146-211
       198 - 08 Apr 217 Caracalla
                        (co-Emperor to 211)
       209 - 26 Dec 211 Geta
                        (co-Emperor)
11 Apr 217 - 08 Jun 218 Macrinus
   May 217 - 08 Jun 218 Diadumenian
                        (Junior Emperor)
08 Jun 218 - 11 Mar 222 Elagabus
01 Oct 208 - 18 Mar 235 Alexander Serverus
20 Mar 235 -    Apr 238 Maximinus I
22 Mar     - 12 Ape 238 Gordian I
                        (co Emperor with Gordian II,
                         in opposition to Maximinus I)
22 Mar     - 12 Apr 238 Gordian II
22 Mar     - 29 Jul 238 Pupienus Maximus
                        (co-Emperor with Balbinus)
22 Apr     - 29 Jul 238 Balbinus
                        (co-Emperor)
22 Apr 238 - 11 Feb 244 Gordian III
                        (co-Emperor with Balbinus to 29 Jul 238)
11 Feb 244 -    Oct 249 Phillip I The Arab
   Oct 249 -    Jun 251 Decius
   Jan     -    Jun 251 Herennius Etruscus
                        (co-Emperor with Decius)
   Jun     -    Nov 251 Hostilian
   Jun 251 -    Aug 253 Trebonianus Gallus
                        (in opposition to Hostilian)
   Nov 251 -    Aug 253 Volusianus
                        (co-Emperor with Trebonianus Gallus
   Aug     -    Oct 253 Aemilianus
   Oct 253 -        260 Valerian
   Oct 253 -    Sep 268 Gallienus
                        (co-Emperor with Valerian to 260)
   Sep 268 -    Jan 270 Claudius Gothicus
   Jan     -    Sep 270 Quintillus
   Sep 270 -    Sep 275 Aurelian
25 Sep 275 -    Jun 276 Tacitus
   Jun     -    Sep 276 Florianus
                        (Western Emperor)
   Sep 276 -    Oct 282 Probus
   Oct 282 -    Aug 283 Carus
   Aug 283 -        284 Numerian
   Aug 283 -        285 Carinus
                        (co-Emperor with Numerian)
20 Nov 284 - 01 May 305 Diocletian, Diocletian
                        (Senior co-Emperor to 286)
01 Apr 286 - 01 May 305 Diocletian, Maximianus I
                        (Senior co-Emperor for the West)
01 May 305 -    May 311 Diocletian, Galerius I
                        (Junior co-Emperor)
01 May 305 - 25 Jul 306 Diocletian, Constantius I
                        (Junior co-Emperor)
25 Jul 306 -    Apr 307 Diocletian, Severus II
                        (Senior Emperor, opposed by Constantine I)
25 Jul 306 - 22 May 337 Diocletian, Constantine I
                        (Senior Emperor in West from 307)
28 Oct 306 - 28 Oct 312 Diocletian, Maxentius I
                        (In opposition to Constantine I and Severus II)
11 Nov 308 - 18 Sep 324 Diocletian, Licinius
                        (Western Emperor, Eastern Emperor from 311)
01 May 311 -    Aug 313 Diocletian, Maxinimus Daia II
                        (co-Senior Emperor)
   Dec 316 - 01 Mar 317 Diocletian, Valence I
                        (co-Emperor; executed 317)
   Jul     - 18 Sep 324 Diocletian, Martinianus I
                        (Western co-Emperor with Licinius; executed 325)
22 May 337 -        340 Diocletian, Constantine II
                        (co-Emperor with Constantius II & Constans)
22 May 337 - 03 Nov 361 Diocletian, Constantius II
                        (co-Emperor to 350)
22 May 337 -        350 Diocletian, Constans I
                        (co-Emperor)
   Feb 361 - 26 Jun 363 Diocletian, Julian IV
                        (Western Emperor 355-60; sole Emperor from 361)
26 Jun 363 - 17 Feb 364 Diocletian, Jovian
26 Feb 364 - 17 Nov 375 Valentinian I
28 Mar 364 - 09 Aug 378 Valens II
                        (co-Eastern Emperor)
04 Aug 367 - 25 Aug 383 Gratian
                        (co-Emperor to 375)
17 Nov 375 - 15 May 392 Valentinian II
01 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395 Theodosius I
   Jan 383 - 01 May 408 Arcadius
                        (Junior Emperor for the East to 395)
23 Jan 393 - 15 Aug 423 Honorius
                        (Junior Emperor for the West to 395)
01 May 408 - 28 Jul 450 Theodosius II
                        (Eastern Emperor)
08 Feb     - 02 Sep 421 Constantius III
                        (co-Emperor for the West)
27 Aug 423 -    May 425 Joannes
                        (Senior civil servant under Honorius)
23 Oct 425 - 16 Mar 455 Valentinian III
                        (Western Emperor in opposition to Joannes)
   Aug 450 -    Jan 457 Marcian
                        (Nominated successor, Eastern Emperor)
17 Mar     - 31 May 455 Petronius Maximus
09 Jul 455 - 17 Oct 456 Avitius
   Apr 457 - 02 Aug 461 Majorian
   Nov 461 -    Aug 465 Libius Severus
12 Apr 467 - 11 Jul 471 Anthemius
11 Jul     - 02 Nov 472 Olybrius
   Mar 473 -    Jun 474 Glycerius
   Jun 474 - 28 Aug 475 Julius Nepos
                        (Ruling in Dalmatia to 22 Jun 480)
31 Oct 475 - 04 Sep 476 Romulus Augustulus ..................... 461-507? Last Roman Emperor
 
Holy Roman Empire
 
Holy Roman Empire, coat of arms (b&w) - vector image  File:Holy Roman Empire Arms-double head.svg  
          Before 1368                      1368-1806                         Quaterionenadler 1510-1805
 
25 Dec 800              Charlamagne crowned Roman Emperor
       1157             Holy Roman Empire
       1356             Golden Bull establishes electral council
26 Dec 1805             Treaty of Pressburg abolishes the Empire
06 Aug 1806             Empire officially abolished
 
Capital: Rome in 800, Frankfurt, Vienna.
Government: Elective Monarchy.
Language: Latin, German, Italian.
Religion: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, Jewish.
 
Emperors
25 Dec 800 - 28 Jan 814 Carolingian, Karl I (Charlamagne)
                        (Charles I of the Franks)
28 Jan 814 - 20 Jun 840 Carolingian, Louis I
05 Apr 823 - 29 Sep 855 Carolingian, Lothar I
                        (co-Emperor to 840)
   Apr 850 - 12 Aug 875 Carolingian, Louis II
                        (co-Emperor to 855)
12 Aug 875 - 06 Oct 877 Carolingian, Karl II
06 Oct 877 - 13 Jan 888 Carolingian, Karl III
       888 - 12 Dec 894 Guideschi, Guy
                        (Senior Emperor)
30 Apr 892 - 15 Oct 898 Guideschi, Lambert
                        (co-Emperor)
22 Feb 896 - 08 Dec 899 Carolingian, Arnulf
                        (co-Emperor tp 898)
08 Dec 899 - 21 Jul 905 Bosonid, Louis III
       905 - 07 Apr 924 Unruoching, Berengar
07 Apr 924 - 02 Feb 962 Vacant
02 Feb 962 - 07 May 973 Ottonian, Otto I von Deutschland
25 Dec 967 - 07 Dec 983 Ottonian, Otto II
07 Dec 983 - 23 Jan 1002 Ottonian, Otto III
23 Jan 1002 - 13 Jul 1024 Ottonian, Heinrich II von Deutschland
                          (Henry II of Germany, not recognised to 1003)
       1024 - 04 Jun 1039 Salian, Konrad II von Deutchland
                          (Conrad II of Germany & Italy)
       1039 - 05 Oct 1056 Salian, Heinrich III
05 Oct 1056 -    Dec 1105 Salian, Heinrich IV
   Dec 1105 - 23 May 1125 Salian, Heinrich V
   Jul 1125 - 04 Dec 1137 Supplinburg, Lothair III
                          (Lothair III of Germany & Italy)
04 Mar 1152 - 10 Jun 1190 Hohenstaufen, Friedrich I
                          (Frederick I of Germany & Italy)
10 Jun 1190 - 28 Sep 1197 Hohenstaufen, Heinrich VI
09 Jun 1198 - 1215        Welf, Otto IV
                          (Otto IV of Germany & Italy)
       1215 - 13 Dec 1250 Hohenstaufen, Friedrich II
                          (Frederick II of Germany & Italy)
13 Dec 1250 - 1308        Vacant
       1308 - 24 Aug 1313 Luxemburg, Heinrich VII
                          (Henry VII of Germany & and Luxemburg)
   Oct 1314 - 11 Oct 1347 Wittlesbach, Louis IV
                          (Ludwig Duke of Baveria)
17 Jun 1349 - 29 Nov 1378 Luxemburg, Karl IV
                          (Karl Count of Luxemburg)
29 Nov 1378 - 20 Aug 1400 Luxemburg, Václav IV
                          (Wenceslas of Bohemia)
20 Aug 1400 - 18 May 1410 Wittlesbach, Rudolf I
                          (Rudolf III of Palatinate)
Emperors-elect
10 Sep 1410 - 09 Dec 1437 Luxemburg, Sigismund
                          (Sigismund of Luxemburg)
       1410 - 08 Jan 1411 Jobst
                          (Jobst of Moravia, in opposition)
09 Dec 1437 - 18 Mar 1438 Imperial Vicars
                          - Wettin, Friedrich II, Elector of Sachsen
                            (1st Time)
                          - Ludwig IV, Elected of Pfalz und Rhein
                            (1st Time)
18 Mar 1438 - 27 Oct 1439 Habsburg, Albrecht II (Did not except)
                          (Albert II of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia & Croatia)
27 Oct 1439 - 02 Feb 1440 Imperial Vicars
                          - Wettin, Friedrich II, Elector of Sachsen
                            (2nd Time)
                          - Ludwig IV, Elected of Pfalz und Rhein
                            (2nd Time)
02 Feb 1440 - 19 Aug 1493 Habsburg, Friedrich III
                          (Archduke Frederick of Austria)
19 Aug 1493 - 12 Jan 1519 Habsburg, Maximilian I
                          (Archduke Maximilian I of Austria)
12 Jan      - 28 Jun 1519 Imperial Victors
                          - Wettin, Friedrich III, Elector of Sachsen
                          - Ludwig V, Elected of Pfalz und Rhein
28 Jun 1519 - 16 Jan 1556 Habsburg, Karl V
                          (Archduke Charles of Austria)
16 Feb 1556 - 25 Jul 1564 Habsburg, Ferdinand I
                          (Archduke Ferdinand of Austria)
25 Jul 1564 - 12 Oct 1576 Habsburg, Maximilian II
                          (Maximilian of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria)
27 Oct 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Habsburg, Rudolf II
                          (Rudolf of Hungary, Archduke of Austria)
20 Jan      - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial Vicars
                          - Friedrich V von Pfalz und Rhein
                            (1st Time)
                          - Wettin, Johann Georg I von Sachsen
                            (1st Time)
13 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Matthias II
19 Mar      - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial Vicars
                          - Friedrich V von Pfalz und Rhein
                            (2nd Time)
                          - Wettin, Johann Georg I von Sachsen
                            (2nd Time)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Ferdinand III
15 Feb 1637 - 02 Apr 1657 Ferdinand IV
02 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial Vicars
                          - Karl I Ludwig Graf von Pfalz und Rhein
                          - Johann Georg II Graf von Sachsen
18 Jul 1657 - 05 May 1705 Leopold I
05 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Josef I .............................................. 1678-1711
17 Apr      - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial Vicars
                          - Johann Wilhelm I Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein ...... 1658-1716
                          - Wettin, Friedrich August I Graf von Sachsen ........ 1670-1740
12 Oct 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Habsburg, Karl VI .................................... 1685-1740
                          (Charles of Austria)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial Vicars
                          - Wittlesbach, Karl Albrecht Graf von Bayern ......... 1697-1745
                          - Wettin, Friedrich August II Graf von Sachsen ....... 1696-1763
14 Jan 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Wittlesbach,, Karl VII
                          (Charles of Baveria)
20 Jan      - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial Vicars
                          - Wittlesbach, Maximilian II Josef Graf von Bayern ... 1727-1777
                          - Wettin, Friedrich August II Graf von Sachsen
                            (2nd Time)
13 Sep 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Lottringen, Franz I .................................. 1708-1765
                          (Duke Francis of Lorraine)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Habsburg, Josef II ................................... 1741-1790
20 Feb      - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial Vicars
                          - Karl IV Philipp Theodor Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein 1724-1799
                            (1st Time)
                          - Wettin, Friedrich August III Graf von Sachsen ...... 1750-1827
                            (1st Time)
01 Oct 1790 - 01 Mar 1792 Habsburg, Leopold II ................................. 1747-1792
01 Mar      - 07 Jul 1792 Imperial Vicars
                          - Karl IV Philipp Theodor Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein
                            (2nd Time)
                          - Wettin, Friedrich August III Graf von Sachsen
                            (2nd Time)
07 Jul 1792 - 26 Dec 1805 Habsburg, Franz II ................................... 1768-1835
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