Turkiye
2200-1178 BC Hittite Empire
1178-550 Fragmented in to states
550-335 Part of the Persian Empire
335-306 Part of Empire of Macedon
306-145 Part of the Seleucid Empire
145 BC-395 AD Part of Roman Empire
395-1071 Part of Byzantine Empire
1071-1078 Seljuk Empire
1078-1307 Sultanate of Rum
1290 - 10 Aug 1920 Ottoman (Osmanli) Empire
29 May 1453 Fall of Constantinopol, end ot the Byzantine Empire
01 Nov 1922 Turkish State
29 Oct 1923 - Turkish Republic
03 Mar 1924 Caliphate abolished
23 Jul 1939 Hatay annexed from Syria
20 Jul 1974 - Occupation of Northern Cyprus
Hittite Empire
2200-.... Pamba I
1700-.... Pithana
17..-.... Piyusti
17..-.... Anitta
17..-.... Pu-Sarruma
1680-1650 Labarna I
1650-1620 Labarna II
1620-1590 Mursili I
1590-1560 Hantili I
1560-1550 Zidanta I
1550-1530 Ammuna I
1530-1525 Huzziya I
1525-1500 Telepinu I
1500-1490 Alluwanna I
1490-1470 Tahurwaili I
1470-1460 Hantili II
1460-1450 Zidanta II
1450-1440 Huzziya II
1440-1430 Muwatalli I
1430-1400 Tudhaliya I
1400-1360 Arnuwanda I
1360-1340 Hattusili II
1340-1344 Tudhaliya II
1344 Tudhaliya III
1344-1322 Suppiluliuma
1322-1321 Arnuwanda II
1321-1295 Mursili II
1295-1272 Muwatalli II
1272-1267 Mursili III
1267-1237 Hattusili III
1237-1209 Tudhaliya IV
1209-1207 Arnuwanda III
1207-1178 Suppilulima II
Kingdom of Galatia
62-40 Deiotarus
62-44 Brogitarius
37-25 Amintas
Sultanate of Rum
1060-1177 Seljuk, Kutalmish I
1077-1086 Seljuk, Süleyman I
1092-1107 Seljuk, Arslan I
1107-1116 Seljuk, Malik I
1116-1156 Seljuk, Masut I
1156-1192 Seljuk, Kilij Arslan II
1192-1196 Seljuk, Khosron I
1196-1205 Seljuk, Süleyman II
1204-1205 Seljuk, Kilij Arslan II
1205-1210 Seljuk, Khosron I (2nd Time)
1210-1220 Seljuk, Kay Kawus I
1220-1237 Seljuk, Kay Qubadh I
1237-1246 Seljuk, Khosron II
1246-1257 Seljuk, Kay Kawus II
1249-1257 Seljuk, Kay Qabadh II
1257-1259 Seljuk, Khosron II (2nd Time)
1259-1265 Seljuk, Kilij Arslan IV
1265-1282 Seljuk, Kay Khodron III
1282-1284 Seljuk, Masut II (1st Time)
1284 Seljuk, Kay Qubadh III
1293 Seljuk, Masut II (2nd Time)
1294-1301 Seljuk, Masut II (3rd Time)
1303-1307 Seljuk, Masut II (4th Time)
1307 Seljuk, Masut III
Ottoman Empire
Imperial Emblem 1882-1923
1307 Ottoman (Osmanli) Emirate
1473 Ottoman (Osmanli) Empire
25 Mar 1821 Independence of Greece
05 Jul 1830 Algeria taken by France
09 May 1877 End of Ottoman suzerainty over Rumania
13 Jul 1878 End of Ottoman suzerainty (independence) over Montenegro
and Serbia, Bosnia administered by Austria-Hungary;
Bulgaria autonomous and Cyprus administered by Great Britain
13 May 1881 Tunisia a French protectorate
02 Jul 1881 Thessaly incorporated into Greece
13 Sep 1881 Egypt under British administration, end of suzerainty in 1914
05 Oct 1908 Final independnece of Bulgaria
03 Oct 1911 Libya under Italian occupation, ceded to Italy 18 Oct 1912
28 Nov 1912 Independence of Albania
30 May 1913 Crete incorporated into Greece
10 Aug 1913 Novi Pazar and Kosovo province divided between Serbia and Montenegro
10 Aug 1913 Selanik Vilayet (Macedonia) divided between Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria
13 Feb 1914 Aegean Islands incorporated into Greece, Rhodes and Dodecanese annexed by Italy
05 Nov 1914 Cyprus annexed by Great Britain
10 Jun 1916 Independence of Hejaz
19 Oct 1916 Independence of all Arab lands proclaimed by Hejaz
09 Dec 1917 Palestine occupied by Great Britain
30 Sep 1918 Independence of Syria
30 Oct 1918 Iraq occupied by Great Britain
12 May 1919 - 08 Sep 1922 Smyrna occupied by Greece
10 Aug 1920 Empire abolished
01 Nov 1922 Sultanate abolished
29 Oct 1923 Turkish Republic
Government: Empire.
Capital: Constantinople.
Language: Ottoman Turkish (official).
Religion: Islam, Christianity, Judaism.
National Anthem: "Mahmudiya" (used 1808-39, 1918-22).
National Emblem: Tughra
National Day:
National Motto: Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State).
Curruncy: Ottoman Lira (1844-1923).
Sultans
11.. - 1227 Ottoman, Süleyman Shah
1227 - 1281 Ottoman, Ertugrul
1281 - 1326 Ottoman, Osman I
1326 - 1359 Ottoman, Orkhan
1359 - 28 Jun 1389 Ottoman. Murat I
28 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul 1402 Ottoman, Bayezid I
20 Jul 1402 - 26 May 1421 Ottoman, Mehmed I
26 May 1421 - 03 Feb 1451 Ottoman, Murat II
03 Feb 1451 - 03 May 1481 Ottoman, Mehmed II
03 May 1481 - 25 Apr 1512 Ottoman, Bayezid II
25 Apr 1512 - 21 Sep 1520 Ottoman, Selim I
21 Sep 1520 - 06 Sep 1566 Ottoman, Süleyman II "the magnificent"
06 Sep 1566 - 12 Dec 1574 Ottoman, Selim II "sarkosh"
12 Dec 1574 - 16 Jan 1595 Ottoman, Murat III
16 Jan 1595 - 22 Dec 1603 Ottoman, Mehmed III
22 Dec 1603 - 22 Nov 1617 Ottoman, Ahmet I (1st Time)
22 Nov 1617 - 26 Feb 1618 Ottoman, Mustafa I
26 Feb 1618 - 20 May 1622 Ottoman, Osman II
20 May 1622 - 10 Sep 1623 Ottoman, Ahmet I (2nd Time)
10 Sep 1623 - 09 Feb 1640 Ottoman, Murat IV
09 Feb 1640 - 08 Aug 1648 Ottoman, Ibrahim
08 Aug 1648 - 08 Nov 1687 Ottoman, Mehmed IV
08 Nov 1687 - 23 Jun 1691 Ottoman, Süleyman III
23 Jun 1691 - 06 Feb 1695 Ottoman, Ahmet II
06 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Ottoman, Mustafa II
22 Aug 1703 - 01 Oct 1730 Ottoman, Ahmet III
01 Oct 1730 - 14 Dec 1754 Ottoman, Mahmut I
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Ottoman, Osman III
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Ottoman, Mustafa III
21 Jan 1774 - 07 Apr 1789 Ottoman, Abdülhamid I
07 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Ottoman, Selim III
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Ottoman, Mustafa IV
28 Jul 1808 - 01 Jul 1839 Ottoman, Mahmad II
01 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Ottoman, Abdülmecid I
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Ottoman, Abdülâziz ..................... 1830-1876
30 May - 31 Aug 1876 Ottoman, Murat V ....................... 1840-1904
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Ottoman, Abdülhamid II ................. 1842-1918
27 Apr 1909 - 03 Jul 1918 Ottoman, Mehmed V ...................... 1844-1918
03 Jul 1918 - 31 Oct 1922 Ottoman, Mehmed VI ..................... 1861-1926
01 Nov 1922 - 30 Oct 1923 Ottoman, Abdülmecid II ................. 1868-1944
Grand Viziers
06 Jan 1599 - 10 Jul 1601 Damat Ibrahim Pasha
22 Jul 1601 - 04 Oct 1603 Yemishçi Hasan Pasha
04 Oct 1601 - 26 Jul 1604 Malkoç Yavuz Ali Pasha
05 Aug 1604 - 21 Jul 1606 Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha
21 Jul - 09 Dec 1606 Dervish Mehmet Pasha
11 Dec 1606 - 05 Aug 1611 Kuyucu Murad Pasha
05 Aug 1611 - 17 Oct 1614 Gümülcineli Damat Nasut Pasha
17 Oct 1614 - 17 Nov 1616 Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha
(1st Time)
17 Nov 1616 - 18 Jan 1619 Damat Halil Pasha
18 Jan - 23 Dec 1619 Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha
(2nd Time)
23 Dec 1619 - 09 Mar 1621 Güzelce Ali Pasha
09 Mar - 17 Sep 1621 Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha
17 Sep 1621 - 20 May 1622 Dilaver Pasha
20 May - 13 Jun 1622 Kara Davud Pasha
13 Jun - 08 Aug 1622 Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1st Time)
08 Aug - 21 Sep 1622 Lefkeli Mehmed Pasha
21 Sep 1622 - 05 Feb 1623 Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
05 Feb - 30 Aug 1623 Mere Hüseyin Pasha (2nd Time)
30 Aug 1623 - 03 Apr 1624 Kemankesh Kara Ali Pasha
03 Apr 1624 - 28 Jan 1625 Çerkes Mehmed Ali Pasha
08 Feb 1625 - 01 Dec 1626 Filibeli Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
(1st Time)
01 Dec 1626 - 06 Apr 1628 Damat Halil Pasha (2nd Time)
06 Apr 1628 - 25 Oct 1631 Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha
25 Oct 1631 - 10 Feb 1632 Filibeli Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
(2nd Time)
10 Feb - 18 May 1632 Topal Recep Pasha
18 May 1632 - 02 Feb 1637 Tabaniyassi Mehmed Pasha
02 Feb 1637 - 26 Aug 1638 Bayram Pasha
27 Aug - 23 Dec 1638 Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
23 Dec 1638 - 31 Jan 1644 Kemankes Kara Mustafa Pasha
31 Jan 1644 - 17 Dec 1645 Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha
17 Dec 1645 - 16 Sep 1647 Nevesinli Salih Pasha
21 Sep 1647 - 07 Aug 1648 Herzarpare Ahmed Pasha
07 Aug 1648 - 21 May 1649 Sofu Mehmed Pasha
21 May 1649 - 05 Aug 1651 Kara Dev Murad Pasha
05 Aug - 21 Aug 1651 Melek Ahmad Pasha
21 Aug - 27 Sep 1651 Abaza Siyavus Pasha
27 Sep 1651 - 20 Jun 1652 Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
20 Jun 1652 - 21 Mar 1653 Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
21 Mar 1653 - 28 Oct 1654 Koca Devish Mehmed Pasha
28 Oct 1654 - 11 May 1655 Ipsiri Mustafa Pasha
11 May - 19 Aug 1655 Kara Dev Murad Pasha
19 Aug 1655 - 28 Feb 1656 Ermeni Suleyman Pasha
28 Feb - 05 Mar 1656 Gazi Hüseyin Pasha
(Did not take office)
05 Mar - 25 Apr 1656 Abaza Siyavus Pasha
26 Apr - 15 Sep 1656 Boynuyarali Mehmed Pasha
15 Sep 1656 - 31 Oct 1661 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
31 Oct 1661 - 19 Oct 1676 Köprülü Fazli Ahmed Pasha
19 Oct 1676 - 25 Dec 1683 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
25 Dec 1683 - 18 Nov 1685 Kara Ibrahim Pasha
18 Nov 1685 - 18 Sep 1687 Sari Süleyman Pasha
18 Sep 1687 - 02 May 1688 Ayasli Ismail Pasha
30 May 1688 - 07 Nov 1689 Bekri Mustafa Pasha
07 Nov 1689 - 19 Aug 1691 Köprülü Fazil Mustafa Pasha
24 Aug 1691 - 21 Mar 1692 Arabaci Ali Pasha
21 Mar 1692 - 17 Mar 1693 Merfizonlu Haci Ali Pasha
17 Mar 1693 - Mar 1694 Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha
13 Mar 1694 - 22 Apr 1695 Sürmeli Ali Pasha
03 Mar 1695 - 11 Sep 1697 Elmas Mehmed Pasha
17 Sep 1697 - 04 Sep 1702 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha
04 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha
24 Jan - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasa
22 Aug - 17 Nov 1703 Kavanoz Nisanci Ahmed Pasha
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha
28 Sep - 25 Dec 1704 Kalaylikoz Haci Ahmed Pasha
25 Dec 1704 - 03 May 1706 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
03 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 Damad Çorlulu Ali Pasha
16 Jun - 18 Aug 1710 Köprülüzade Damad Numan Pasha
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Aga Yusuf Pasha
12 Nov 1712 - 06 Apr 1713 Silahdar Süleyman Pasha
06 Apr - 27 Apr 1713 Ibrahim Hoca Pasha
27 Apr 1713 - 05 Aug 1716 Sehid Damed Silhadar Ali Pasha
05 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Haci Halil Pasha
26 Aug 1717 - 09 May 1718 Nisanci Mehmed Pasha
09 May 1718 - 01 Oct 1730 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha
01 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Damad Silhadar Mehmed Pasha
22 Jan - 10 Sep 1731 Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 Topal Osman Pasha
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st Time)
12 Jul 1735 - 09 Jan 1736 Gürcü Ismail Pasha
09 Jan 1736 - 06 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
06 Aug - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah Çelebi
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yegen Mehmed Pasha
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Haci Ivazzade Mehmed Pasha
22 Jul 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nisanci Haci Ahmed Pasha
21 Apr - 23 Sep 1742 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd Time)
23 Sep 1742 - 09 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha
09 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 Tiryaki Haci Mehmed Pasha
24 Aug 1747 - 03 Jan 1750 Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha
03 Jul 1750 - 01 Jul 1753 Divitdar Mehmed Pasha
01 Jul 1753 - 15 Feb 1755 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(1st Time)
15 Feb - 18 May 1755 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (3rd Time)
18 May - 24 Aug 1755 Nalli Abdullah Pasha
24 Aug - 25 Oct 1755 Nisaci Biyikli Ali Pasha
25 Oct 1755 - 01 Apr 1756 Mehmed Said Pasha
01 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd Time)
11 Jan 1757 - 08 Apr 1763 Koca Mehmed Ragib Pasha
08 Apr - 01 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha
01 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(3rd Time)
28 Mar 1765 - 07 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
07 Aug - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yaglikçizade Nisani Mehmed Emin Pasha
12 Aug - 12 Dec 1769 Moldovanci Ali Pasha
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Dec 1770 Ivazzade Halil Pasha
25 Dec 1770 - 11 Dec 1711 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
11 Dec 1711 - 04 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
04 Aug 1774 - 06 Jul 1775 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
06 Jul 1775 - 05 Dec 1777 Dervis Mehmed Pasha
05 Dec 1777 - 01 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha
01 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 Kalafat Mehmed Pasha
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
25 Aug - 31 Dec 1782 Yegen Haci Mehmed Pasha
01 Jan 1783 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Sahin Ali Pasha
24 Jan 1786 - 28 May 1789 Koca Yusuf Pasha (1st Time)
28 May - 03 Dec 1789 Kethuda Çerkes Hasan Pasha
03 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rusçuklu Cezayirli Hasan Serif Pasha
15 Feb 1791 - 04 May 1792 Koca Yusuf Pasha (2nd Time)
04 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 Izzet Mehmed Pasha
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Zitaüddin Pasha (1st Time)
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 Hafiz Ismail Pasha
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 Hilmi Ibrahim Pasha
18 Jun 1808 - 28 Jul 1808 Çelebi Mustafa Pasha
28 Jul - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar Musrafa Pasha
15 Nov 1808 - 01 Jan 1809 Menis Pasha
01 Jan 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziyadüddin Pasha (2nd Time)
10 Apr 1811 - 05 Sep 1812 Laz Ahmad Pasha
05 Sep 1812 - 01 Apr 1815 Hursid Ahmed Pasha
01 Apr 1815 - 05 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st Time)
05 Jan 1818 - 05 Jan 1820 Dervis Mehmed Pasha
05 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha
28 Mar - 30 Apr 1821 Benderli Ali Pasha
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Haci Salih Pasha
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 Hamdullah Abdullah Pasha
10 Mar - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1st Time)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Resid Mehmed Pasha
18 Feb 1833 - 02 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd Time)
02 Jul 1839 - 08 Jun 1840 Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha
08 Jun 1840 - 04 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd Time)
04 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 Izzet Mehmet Pasha (2nd Time)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th Time)
28 Sep 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 Mustafa Resid Pasha (1st Time)
29 Apr - 12 Aug 1848 Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (2nd Time)
26 Jan - 05 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th Time)
05 Mar - 06 Aug 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (3rd Time)
06 Aug - 03 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st Time)
03 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st Time)
29 May - 23 Nov 1854 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
23 Nov 1854 - 02 May 1855 Mustafa Resid Pasha (4th Time)
02 May 1855 - 01 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd Time)
01 Nov 1856 - 06 Aug 1857 Mustafa Resid Pasha (5th Time)
06 Aug - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd Time)
22 Oct 1857 - 07 Jan 1858 Mustafa Resid Pasha (6th Time)
07 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd Time)
18 Oct - 24 Dec 1859 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1st Time)
28 May 1860 - 06 Aug 1861 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (3rd Time)
06 Aug - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th Time)
22 Nov 1861 - 05 Jan 1863 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1st Time)
05 Jan - 01 Jul 1863 Yusuf Kamil Pasha
01 Jul 1863 - 05 Jun 1866 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (2nd Time)
05 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (2nd Time)
11 Feb 1867 - 07 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th Time)
07 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st Time)
01 Aug - 19 Oct 1872 Midhat Pasha (1st Time)
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (3rd Time)
15 Mar - 15 Apr 1873 Mehmed Esad Pasha (1st Time)
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Sirvanizade Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 Hüseyin Avni Pasha
26 Apr - 12 May 1875 Mehmed Esad Pasha (2nd Time)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd Time)
12 May - 19 Dec 1876 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (4th Time)
19 Dec 1876 - 05 Feb 1877 Midhat Pasha (2nd Time)
05 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
11 Jan - 04 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha
04 Feb - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st Time)
18 Apr - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadik Pasha
28 May - 04 Jun 1878 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (5th Time)
04 Jun - 04 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha
04 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha
29 Jul - 18 Oct 1879 Arifi Pasha
18 Oct 1879 - 09 Jun 1880 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1st Time)
09 Jun - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha
12 Sep 1880 - 02 May 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd Time)
02 May - 12 Jul 1882 Nureddin Pasha
12 Jul - 01 Dec 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd Time)
01 Dec - 31 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd Time)
01 Jan 1883 - 25 Sep 1885 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (4th Time)
25 Sep 1885 - 04 Sep 1891 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1st Time)
04 Sep 1891 - 08 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha
08 Jun - 02 Oct 1895 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (5th Time)
02 Oct - 07 Nov 1895 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (2nd Time)
07 Nov 1895 - 09 Nov 1901 Halil Rifat Pasha
09 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd Time)
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 Mehmed Ferid Pasha
22 Jul - 05 Aug 1908 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (6th Time)
05 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (3rd Time)
14 Feb - 14 Apr 1909 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1st Time)
14 Apr - 05 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st Time)
05 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd Time)
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 Ibrahim Hakki Pasha
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (7th Time)
22 Jul - 29 Oct 1912 Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (4th Time)
23 Jan - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Sevket Pasha
11 Jun 1913 - 04 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha
04 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talat Pasha
14 Oct - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed Izzet Pasha
11 Nov 1918 - 04 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd Time)
04 Mar - 02 Oct 1919 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (1st Time)
02 Oct 1919 - 08 Mar 1920 Ali Riza Pasha
08 Mar - 05 Apr 1920 Salih Pasha
05 Apr - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (2nd Time)
21 Oct 1920 - 31 Oct 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd Time)
Turkey
Unofficial goverment emblem
Government: Republic
Capital: Ankara
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Armenian, Greek, Arabic, Georgian
Religion: Sunni Islam, Orthodox
National Anthem: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March)
National Emblem: None
National Day: Republic day, 29th October (1923)
National Motto: Yurtta Baris, Dünyada Baris (Peace at home, Peace in the world)
Currency: Lira
Presidents
30 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .................. 1881-1938
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Mustafa Ismet Inönü .................... 1884-1973
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmut Celal Bayar ..................... 1883-1986
28 May 1960 - 28 May 1966 Cemal Gürsel ........................... 1895-1966
28 May 1966 - 06 Apr 1973 Cevdet Sunay ........................... 1900-1982
06 May 1973 - 06 Apr 1980 Fahri Sabri Korutürk ................... 1903-1987
06 Apr - 12 Sep 1980 Ihsan Sabri Çaglayangil ................ 1908-1993
12 Sep 1980 - 09 Nov 1989 Ahmet Kenan Evren ...................... 1917-
09 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993 Halil Turgut Özal ...................... 1927-1993
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel ......... 1924-
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007 Ahmet Necdet Sezer ..................... 1941-
28 Aug 2007 - Abdullah Gül ........................... 1950-
Prime Ministers
24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Fevzi Cakmak Pasha ..................... 1876-1950
(in opposition)
12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 Hüseyin Raud Bey ....................... 1881-1964
(in opposition to 01 Nov 1922)
14 Aug - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi Okyar Bey .................... 1880-1943
(1st Time)
30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Mustafa Ismet Pasha (1st Time)
21 Nov 1924 - 06 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi Okyar Bey (2nd Time)
06 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Mustafa Ismet Pasha (2nd Time)
27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmud Celal Bayar
25 Jan 1939 - 08 Jul 1942 Refik Ibrahim Saydam ................... 1881-1942
08 Jul - 09 Jul 1942 Ahmet Fikri Tüzer ...................... 1878-1942
09 Jul 1942 - 07 Aug 1946 Mehmet Sükrü Saracoglu ................. 1887-1953
07 Aug 1946 - 09 Sep 1947 Mehmet Recep Peker ..................... 1888-1950
09 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan Saka ............................. 1886-1960
16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Mehmet Semsettin Günaltay .............. 1883-1961
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes ............. 1899-1961
28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal Gürsel
30 Oct - 20 Nov 1961 Fahri Özdilek .......................... 1898-1989
20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Mustafa Ismet Pasha (3rd Time)
21 Feb - 27 Oct 1965 Ali Suat Hayri Ürgüplü ................. 1903-1981
27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel
(1st Time)
26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 Ismail Nihat Erim ...................... 1912-1980
17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Sadi Melen ....................... 1906-1988
15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Mehmet Naim Talu ....................... 1919-1998
25 Jan - 17 Nov 1974 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit .................. 1925-2006
(1st Time)
17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Mahmut Sadi Irmak ...................... 1904-1990
31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel
(2nd Time)
21 Jun - 11 Jul 1977 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (2nd Time)
11 Jul 1977 - 05 Jan 1978 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel
(3rd Time)
05 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (3rd Time)
12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel
(4th Time)
20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 Saim Bülent Ülüsü
13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Halil Turgut Özal
01 Nov - 09 Nov 1989 Ali Hüsrev Bozer
09 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yildirim Akbulut
23 Jun - 20 Nov 1991 Ahmet Mesut Yilmaz (1st Time)
20 Nov 1991 - 25 Jun 1993 Sami Süleyman Gündogdu Demirel
(5th Time)
16 May - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal Inönü ............................ 1926-2007
25 Jun 1993 - 06 Mar 1996 Tansu Penbe Çiller
06 Mar - 28 Jun 1996 Ahmet Mesut Yilmaz (2nd Time)
28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin Erbakan ...................... 1926-2011
30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Ahmet Mesut Yilmaz (3rd Time)
11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (4th Time)
18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah Güll
14 Mar 2003 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Kurdistan
Republic of Ararat 1927-31
1514 Kurdish Principalities under Ottoman suzreignty
1870 Principalities abolished
10 Aug 1920 Kurdish state promised in the Treaty of Sèvres,
but never implemented
28 Oct 1927 - 1931 Republic of Ararat
Sep 1930 Republic extinguished by Turkish military intervention
12 Apr 1995 - Kurdistan Parliment founded in exile
Emires of Baban
1649-1670 Faki Ahmad
1670-1703 Baba Sulaiman
1721-1731 Khana Mohammad Pasha
1731-1742 Khalid Pasha
1742-1754 Salim Pasha
1754-1765 Sulaiman Pasha I
1765-1775 Mohammad Pasha II
1775-1777 Abdollah Pasha I
1777-1780 Ahmad Pasha I
1780-1782 Mahmoud Pasha I
1782-1803 Ibrahim Pasha
1803-1813 Abdorrahman Pasha
1813-1834 Mahmoud Pasha II
1834-1838 Sulaiman Pasha II
1838-1847 Ahmad Pasha II
1847-1849 Abdollah Pasha II
Emires of Soran
Kelos
Isa
Shah Ali Bey
Pir Budak bin Shah Ali Bey
Mir Saifeddin
Mir Hussain
Mir Saidi bin Shah Ali Bey
Emir Saifeddin bin Mir Hussain bin Pir Budak
Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey Mir Saidi
Budak Bey bin Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
Sulaiman Bey bin Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
Ali Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
Shkali Bey
17.. - 1816 Sulaiman Bey
1816 - 1825 Khanzad
1825 - 1836 Mohammed Pasha Mir Kor
President of the Republic of Ararat
28 Oct 1927 - 25 Jul 1931 Biroyê Heskê Teli
Military Leader
28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930 Ihsan Nuri Pasha
Presidents of the Kurdistan Parliament (in Brussels, Belgium, exile)
26 Mar - 12 Apr 1995 Ismet Cheriff Vanly
12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Yasha Kayar
President of the Kurdish National Congress (in London, UK, exile)
24 May 1999 - Dr. Jawad Mella
©2009
©2005
