Suriya

Adopted 21 Jun 1980
1972-1980
1969-1972
1932-1958

 

3300-1200 Part of Egyptian Empire

724-612 Assyrian Empire

612-539 Part of Babylonian Empire

539-332 Part of Persia

332-319 Annexed by Makedonia

319-301 Antigonid Kingdom

301-198 Part of Egyptian Empire

198-63 Part od Seleucid Empire

64 BC - 261 AD Annexed by Roman Empire

261-271 Part of Palmyria

271-395 Part of Roman Empire

395-529 Part of Byzantine Empire

529-638 Kingdom of Ghassan

638     Arab conquest begins

1076 - 1154               Kingdom of the Seljuks

1154 - 1261               To Egypt

1260 - 1261               Mongol occupation

1261 - 1521               Egyptian control restored

1275 - 1521               Emirate of Damamscus

23 Aug 1516 - 14 Jun 1832 To Ottoman Empire

14 Jun 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Annexed by Egypt

10 Oct 1840 - 30 Sep 1918 Ottoman Empire

30 Sep 1918 - 28 Jul 1920 Independence, Kingdom of Greater Syria

25 Oct 1918               French occupation beguins

28 Jul 1920 - 29 Sep 1923 French Syria

29 Sep 1923 - 31 Dec 1943 League of Nations Mandate under France

28 Jun 1922 - 31 Dec 1924 Union of Syrian States

       1936               Independence declared (Not recognised)

23 Jul 1939               Antioch annexed by Turkey (Not recognised by Syria)

19 Jul 1939 - 16 Sep 1941 State of Syria

16 Sep 1941 - 28 Sep 1961 Syrian Republic

01 Jan 1944 - 22 Feb 1958 Syrian Arab Republic

17 Apr 1946               Independence recognised by France

22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 Part of the United Arab Republic

28 Sep 1961               Syrian Arab Republic

10 Jun 1967 -             Golan Heights under Israeli occupation,

                           annexed 14 Dec 1981 (Not recognised)

01 Jan 1972 - 11 Nov 1977 Part of the Federation of Arab Republics

 

Government: Republic.

Capital: Damascus.

Language: Syrian Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, French.

Religion: Sunni Muslim, Alawite Muslim, Orthodox, Druz.

National Anthem: "Homet el Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland).

National Emblem: Eagal of Salahdin.

National Day: Independence day, 17th April (1946).

National Motto: Wahdah Hurriyah Ishtirakiyah (Unity, Freedom, Socialism).

Currency: Syrian Pound.

 

Kings of Assyria

1380-1353 Eriba Adad

1353-1317 Ashur Uballit

1317-1307 Enlil Nirari

1307-1295 Arik

1295-1263 Adad Nirari

1263-1233 Shalmaneser

1233-1196 Tukulti Ninura

1196-1193 Ashur-nadin-apli

1193-1187 Ashur-nirari III

1187-1182 Enlil Kudurri-usur

1182-1179 Ninurta-Tukulti Ashur

873-810 Benhadad I

810     Hazael

810-791 Benhadad II

740-730 Rezin

Ghassanid Kingdom

220-265 Ghassanid, Jafnah I

265-270 Amr I

270-287 Thalabah I

287-307 al-Harith I

307-317 Jabalah I

317-327 al-Harith II

327-330 al-Mundhir I

327-330 al-Aiharm I

327-342 al-Numan I

330-356 Amr II

327-361 Jabalah II

361-362 al-Numan II

361-391 Jafnah II

391-41 al-Numan III

418-434 Jabalah III

434-455 al-Numan IV

434-453 al-Numan V

434-456 al-Harith III

453-465 Hijr ibn al-Numan I

453-472 al-Mundhir II

453-486 Amr III

486-512 al-Harith IV

512-529 Jabalah IV

529-569 al-Harith V

569-581 al-Mundhir III

570-582 Abu Kirab I

582-583 al-Numan VI

583     al-Harith VI

583-600 al-Numan VII

600-614 al-Aiham ibn Jabalah

614-616 al-Mundhir IV

614-618 Sharahil ibn Jabalah

618-628 Amr IV

628-632 Jabalah V

632-638 Jabalah VI

The Omayyad Caliphs

661-680 Mu'awiya

680-683 Yazid I

683-684 Mu'awiya II

684-685 Marwan

685-705 Abd 'al-Malik

705-715 al-Walid I

715-717 Sulayman

717-720 Umar

720-724 Yazid II

724-743 Hishman

743-744 al-Walid II

744     Yazid III

744     Ibrahim

744-750 Marwan II

Seljuk Kings of Syria

1085 - 1086 Seljuk, Tutush (1st Time)

1086 - 1087 Seljuk, Malik Shah "The Great"

1087 - 1094 Seljuk, Aq Sunqur al Hajib

1094 - 1095 Seljuk, Tutush (2nd Time)

1095 - 1113 Seljuk, Radwan

1113 - 1114 Seljuk, Alp Arslan al Akhras

1114 - 1117 Seljuk, Sultan Shah

Heads of States

30 Sep      - 01 Oct 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi

01 Oct      - 05 Oct 1918 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi ..................... 1864-1943

King of Greater Syria

05 Oct 1918 - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim, Faisal I ............................. 1885-1933

Heads of State

28 Jul      - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Basha ................... 18..-1920

21 Aug      - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi ............................... 1883-1951

28 Jun 1922 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bay Barakay al-Khalidi

28 Apr 1926 - 15 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay ............ 1873-1962

15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani .................. 1885-1943

19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Leon Solomiac

Presidents

11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali Bay al-Abid ..................... 1868-1939

21 Dec 1936 - 07 Jul 1939 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi ...................... 1875-1960

                          (1st Time)

10 Jul 1939 - 04 Apr 1941 Bahij ad-Din al-Khatib ....................... 1895-1981

16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Khatib

17 Jan      - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi (acting)

25 Mar      - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi ............................ 1877-1951

17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri al-Kuwatli ............................ 1891-1967

                          (1st Time)

30 Mar      - 14 Aug 1949 Husni az-Zaim ................................ 1897-1949

15 Aug 1949 - 02 Dec 1951 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (2nd Time)

02 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawsi as-Silu ................................ 1905-1972

11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Abid ash-Shishakli ........................... 1909-1964

28 Feb 1954 - 06 Sep 1955 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (2nd Time)

06 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 Shukri al-Kuwatli (2nd Time)

14 Dec 1961 - 08 Mar 1963 Nazim al-Kudsi ............................... 1906-1998

09 Mar      - 27 Jul 1963 Louai ai-Atassi .............................. 1926-2003 B

27 Jul 1963 - 23 Feb 1966 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez ....................... 1911-2009 B

23 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Nureddin Mustafa al-Atassi ................... 1929-1992 B

18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Sayyid Ahmedal-Hasan al-Khatib ............... 1933-     B

22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez ali Sulayman al-Assad .................. 1930-2000 B

17 Jul 2000 -             Bashar al-Assad .............................. 1965-     B

 

Prime Ministers

30 Sep 1918 - 14 Dec 1919 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi (1st Time)

14 Dec      - 30 Dec 1919 Abdul Hamad Pasha

30 Dec 1919 -    May 1920 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi (2nd Time)

   May      - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim al-Khalid al-Atassi

28 Jul      - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha

21 Aug      - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi

01 Jan      - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi

21 Dec      - 06 Jan 1926 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (1st Time)

27 Apr 1926 - 09 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay

15 Apr 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (2nd Time)

07 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bay al-Azm ............................. 1864-1955

16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (3rd Time)

22 Feb      - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (1st Time)

21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam Bay ............................. 1893-1960

18 Feb      - 13 Mar 1939 Lutfi al-Haffar .............................. 1885-1968

06 Apr      - 09 Jul 1939 Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari

04 Apr      - 21 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (1st Time)

21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim .............................. 1886-1988

25 Mar      - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (2nd Time)

19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni al-Barazi .............................. 1893-1949

                          (1st Time)

17 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944 Saadallah al-Jabiri .......................... 1893-1947

                          (1st Time)

14 Oct 1944 - 01 Oct 1945 Faris al-Khuri ............................... 1879-1962

                          (1st Time)

01 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd Time)

16 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardan Bay

17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid al-Azm (2nd Time)

17 Apr      - 26 Jun 1949 Husni al-Barazi (2nd Time)

26 Jun      - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin al-Bazazi ............................. 1904-1949

24 Dec      - 27 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi (1st Time)

27 Dec 1949 - 04 Jun 1950 Khalid al-Azm (3rd Time)

04 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd Time)

27 Mar      - 09 Aug 1951 Khalid al-Azm (4th Time)

09 Aug      - 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim

13 Nov      - 28 Nov 1951 Maarf ad-Dawalibi ............................ 1907-2004

                          (1st Time)

03 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi as-Silu

19 Jul 1953 - 01 Mar 1954 Adib ash-Shishakli

01 Mar      - 18 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali .............................. 1903-1976

                          (1st Time)

18 Jun      - 03 Nov 1954 Said al-Ghazzi ............................... 1893-1967

                          (1st Time)

03 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd Time)

13 Feb      - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali (2nd Time)

13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi (2nd Time)

14 Jun 1956 - 06 Mar 1958 Sabri al-Assali (3rd Time)

07 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Kuhala B

20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Abdul Hamid Serraj

28 Sep      - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari

20 Nov      - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat an-Nuss

14 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maarf ad-Dawalibi (2nd Time)

16 Apr      - 14 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah ........................ 1910-1992

17 Sep 1962 - 09 Mar 1963 Khalid al-Azm (5th Time)

09 Mar      - 12 Nov 1963 Salah ad-Din Bitar ........................... 1912-1980 B

12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin al-Hafaz                                   B

                          (1st Time)

13 May      - 04 Oct 1964 Salah ad-Din Bitar (2nd Time)

04 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 Muhammad Amin al-Hafaz (2nd Time)

23 Sep      - 31 Dec 1965 Yusuf Zuaiyin ................................ 1931-     B

                          (1st Time)

01 Jan      - 23 Feb 1966 Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd Time)

25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd Time)

29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 Nureddin Mustafa al-Assad                                B

21 Nov 1970 - 03 Apr 1971 Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad                              B

03 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi ....................... 1930-     B

                          (1st Time)

21 Dec 1972 - 07 Aug 1976 Mahmoud al-Ayyubi ............................ 1932-     B

07 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd Time)

27 Mar 1978 - 09 Jan 1980 Muhammad Ali al-Halabi ....................... 1937-     B

09 Jan 1980 - 01 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf al-Kasm ........................... 1932-     B

01 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud Zuabi ................................ 1938-2000 B

13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad Mustafa Mero ........................ 1941-     B

10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Muhammad Naji al-Otari ....................... 1944-     B

14 Apr 2011 -             Adel Safar ................................... 1953-     B

 

 

B=Hizb al-Baath al'Arabi al-Ishtriraki (Arab Socialist rebirth Party, Socialist, Arab nationalist)

 

 

Flag of the opposition from 2011

 

President of the Syrian National Council (in Istanbul, Turkey)

02 Oct 2011               Burhan Ghalioun

 

Aleppo

 

1800 BC - 1400 AD         Kingdom of Yamkhand

1400 - 1200               To the Hittites

1200 - 900                To Aramaeanes

900 - 609                 To Assyria

945 - 1260                Emirate of Aleppo

1260                      To Egypt

1516                      To Ottoman Empire

   Oct 1918 - 30 Nov 1920 Part of Syria

01 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 State of Aleppo

28 Jun 1922 -             To Syria thereafter

 

Monarchs

1800 - ....               Yarimlim I

.... - ....               Hammurabi I

.... - ....               Abbael I

.... - ....               Yarimlim II

.... - ....               Niqmiepu I

.... - ....               Irkabtum

.... - ....               Hammurabi I

.... - ....               Yarimlim III

.... - ....               Abbael II

.... - ....               Ilimilimma I

1550 - ....               Idrimi I

.... - ....               Niqmiepu II

.... - ....               Ilimilimma II

1300 - 1330               Telipinu

1330 - ....               Talmi-Sharruma

120. - ....               Rimisharina

Emires of Aleppo

945 - 967                 Saif ud-Dawlah Ali

967 - 991                 S'ad ud-Dawlah Sharif I

991 - 1002                Sa'id ud-Dawlah Sa'id

1002 - 1004               Abu'l-Hassan Ali II

1004                      Abu l-Ma'ali Sharif II

1023 - 1029               Salih ibn Mirdas

1029 - 1037               Shibl ud-Dawlah Nasr

1042 - 1057               Mu'izz ud-Dawlah Tamal (1st Time)

1060 - 1061               Rashid ud-Dawlah Mahmud (1st Time)

1061 - 1062               Mu'izz ud-Dawlah Tamal (2nd Time)

1062                      Abu Du'aba Atiya

1062 - 1075               Rashid ud-Dawlah Mahmud (2nd Time)

1075 - 1076               Djalal ud-Dawlah Nasr

1076 - 1079               Abu'l-Fada'il Sabiq

1085 - 1086               Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I

1086 - 1087               Malik Shah I

1087 - 1094               Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hadjib

1094 - 1095               Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (2nd Time)

1095 - 1113               Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan

1113 - 1114               Tadj ad-Dawla Alp-Arslan al-Akhras

1114 - 1123               Sultan Shah

1117                      Ghazi ibn-Artuq

1117 - 1118               Timurtash ibn al-Ghazi

1118 - 1121               Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi

1121 - 1123               Suleyman II

1123 - 1124               Nur ad-Dawla Balaq

1124 - 1127               Aq Sunqur al-Bursuqi

1127 - 1128               Masul ibn-Aq Sunkur

1146 - 1174               Mahmud Nur ad-Din

1174 - 1181               Isma'il as Salih

1182 - 1183               Zangi II Imad ud-Din

1183 - 1186               al-Adil Muhammad Sayf Abu-Bakr ud-Din

1186 - 1216               az-Zahir Ghazi Abu Mansur Ghiyath ud-Din I

1216 - 1236               al-Aziz Muhammad Ghiyath ud-Din II

1236 - 1259               al-Nasr II Yusuf Salah ad-Din

1259 - 1260               al-Muazzam Turan Shah

 

Governor

01 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Kamil Basha al-Kudsi