France

 

Gaul

50 BC                   Part of Roman Empire

447 - 511               Kingdom of Franks

511 - 719               Kingdoms of Austasia, Neustria and Burgundy

   Aug 843 - 21 Jun 987 Kingdom of West Franks

06 Dec 884 - 13 Jan 888 To Holy Roman Empire

       987 - 21 Sep 1792 Kingdom of France

21 Oct 1422 - 17 Jul 1453 Personal Union with England

24 Oct 1648               Alsace annexed to France

30 Sep 1681               Free Imperial City of Straßburg annexed

23 Feb 1766               Lorraine annexed to France

14 Jul 1789 - 20 Nov 1799 French Revolution

21 Sep 1792               1st Republic

18 May 1804               State headed by an Emperor

01 Jan 1809               1st French Empire

14 Apr 1814 - 13 Mar 1815 Kingdom of France restored

13 Mar      - 08 Jun 1815 1st French Empire (restored)

07 Jun 1815 - 30 Nov 1818 Allied Occupation

08 Jul 1815               Kingdom of France

24 Feb 1848               2nd Republic

01 Dec 1852               2nd French Empire

24 Mar 1860               France annexes Nice and Savoy

02 Sep 1870 - 16 Sep 1873 German occupation

04 Sep 1870               3rd Republic

10 Jun 1940 - 03 Sep 1944 German Occupation

15 Jun 1940 - 20 Mar 1945 Alsace-Lorraine reincorporareted into Germany

16 Jan 1947               4th Republic

10 Feb 1947               France annexes Italian border villages to Alpes-Maritimes department

01 Jan 1957               Saarland returned to Germany

08 Jan 1959 -             5th Republic

France & Navarra 1589-1789

To 1589

Ancien Régime

 

Government: Monarchy.

Capital: Paris, Versailles.

Language: French, Occitan, German, Bretton, Corsican, Catalan, Flemish.

Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish.

National Anthem: "Vive le France, vive le roi Henri"

National Day: Kings birthday, 23 August (1754).

National Emplem: fleur de lys.

National Motto: Montjoye Saint Denis!

Currency: French Franc.

 

- Kings of the Salii Franks -

       428 -        448 Salian, Clodion

       448 -        458 Salian, Mérovée

       458 -        481 Salian, Childéric I

       481 -        509 Salian, Clovis I

- King of the Franks -

       509 - 11 Nov 511 Clovis I

- Kings of Austrasia -

27 Nov 511 -    Dec 533 Thierry I

                        (Theodobert, at Rheims)

   Dec 533 -    Dec 547 Théodebert I

   Dec 547 -    Nov 555 Théobald

   Nov 555 - 20 Dec 560 Clotaire I

                        (King of all Franks)

   Dec 555 -    Dec 559 Chram

                        (co-Monarch)

   Dec 560 -    Nov 575 Sigebert I

   Nov 575 -    Sep 595 Childebert I

   Sep 595 -        611 Théodebert II

       611 -        612 Thierry II

       612 -        613 Sigebert II

       613 - 18 Oct 629 Clotaire II

       623 - 19 Jan 639 Dagobert I

                        (co-Monarch to 629)

       634 - 01 Feb 656 St.Sigebert II

                        (co-Monarch to 639)

01 Feb 656 -        661 St.Dagobert II (1st Time)

01 Feb 656 -        662 Childerbert II

                        (anti-King)

       662 -    Oct 675 Childéric II

       675 - 23 Dec 679 St.Dagobert II (2nd Time)

24 Dec 679 -        691 Thierry III

       691 -        718 To Neustria

       718 -        719 Clotair IV

- Kings of Aurelianum -

27 Nov 511 - 25 Jun 524 Clodomir

27 Nov 511 - 20 Dec 560 Clotaire I

                        (King of all Franks)

   Dec 560 - 28 Mar 592 Gontram

       582 -        585 Gundowald

                        (usurper; in Limousin)

28 Mar 592 -    Sep 595 Childebert II

   Sep 595 -        612 Thierry II

       612 -        613 Sigebert II

       613 - 18 Oct 629 Clotaire II

18 Oct 629 - 19 Jan 639 Dagobert I

                        (King of all Franks)

19 Jan 639 - 24 Sep 768 To Neustrasia

- Kings of Neustria -

27 Nov 511 - 23 Dec 558 Childebert I

23 Dec 558 - 20 Dec 560 Clotaire I

                        (King of all Franks)

20 Dec 560 -        567 Charibert I

20 Dec 560 -    Sep 584 Chilpéric I

   Sep 584 - 18 Oct 629 Clotaire II

                        (King of all Franks 613-629)

       584 -        585 Gombaud

   Dec 629 -        632 Charibert II

                        (co-Monarch)

18 Oct 629 - 19 Jan 639 Dagobert I

                        (King of all Franks)

       635 - 01 Feb 660 Sigebert III

19 Jan 639 -    Nov 657 Clovis II

   Nov 657 - 11 Mar 673 Clotaire III

11 Mar 673 -    Oct 675 Childéric II

   Nov 675 -        691 Thierry III

       675 -        676 Clovis

                        (userper)

       691 -    Mar 695 Clovis III

   Mar 695 -    Feb 711 Childerbert IV

   Feb 711 -    Dec 715 Dagobert III

   Dec 715 -    Apr 721 Chilpéric II

   Apr 721 -    Mar 737 Thierry IV

   Mar 737 - 15 Oct 741 Charles Martel

                        (Mayor of the Palace)

18 Oct 741 - 24 Sep 768 Carolingien, Pépin III le Bref

                        (Mayor of the Palace 741-751)

   Feb 743 -    Nov 751 Carolingien, Childéric III

                        (co-Monarch)

09 Oct 768 - 28 Jan 814 Carolingien, Charles I le Grand

                        (Charlemagne; Holy Roman Emperor from 800)

09 Oct 768 - 04 Dec 771 Carolingien, Carloman I

                        (co-Monarch; in Austrasia & Burgundy)

   Aug 781 - 08 Jul 810 Carolingien, Pépin IV

                        (co-Monarch; in Pavia)

11 Sep 813 -    Jun 833 Carolingien, Louis I le Pieux (1st Time)

                        (co-Monarch to 28 Jan 814)

05 Apr 833 -    Mar 834 Carolingien, Lothaire

   Mar 833 - 30 Jun 840 Carolingien, Louis I le Pieux (2nd Time)

- Kings of the West Franks; France from 987 -

30 Jun 840 - 06 Oct 877 Carolingien, Charles II le Chauve

06 Oct 877 - 10 Apr 879 Carolingien, Louis II le Bègue

10 Apr 879 - 05 Aug 882 Carolingien, Louis III

10 Apr 879 - 06 Dec 884 Carolingien, Carloman II

06 Dec 884 - 13 Jan 888 Carolingien, Charles le Gros

29 Feb 888 - 01 Jan 898 Carolingien, Eudes I de Paris

01 Jan 898 - 30 Jun 922 Carolingien, Charles III le Simple

30 Jun 922 - 15 Jun 923 Carolingien, Robert I

13 Jul 923 - 14 Jan 936 Carolingien, Raoul I

19 Jun 936 - 10 Sep 954 Carolingien, Louis IV d'Outrmer

12 Nov 954 - 02 Mar 986 Carolingien, Lothaire I

08 Jun 986 - 22 May 987 Carolingien, Louis V le Fainéant

03 Jul 987 - 24 Oct 996 Capet, Hugues I

24 Oct 996 - 20 Jul 1031 Capet, Robert II le Pieux

20 Jul 1031 - 04 Aug 1060 Capet, Henri I

04 Aug 1060 - 29 Jul 1108 Capet, Philippe I

29 Jul 1108 - 01 Aug 1137 Capet, Louis VI le Gros

01 Aug 1137 - 18 Sep 1180 Capet, Louis VI le Jeune

18 Sep 1180 - 14 Jul 1223 Capet, Philippe II

14 Jul 1223 - 08 Nov 1226 Capet, Louis VIII le Lion

08 Nov 1226 - 25 Aug 1270 Capet, Louis IX

25 Aug 1270 - 05 Oct 1285 Capet, Philippe III le Hardi

05 Oct 1285 - 29 Nov 1314 Capet, Philippe IV le Bel

29 Nov 1314 - 05 Jun 1316 Capet, Louis X le Hutin

15 Nov      - 20 Nov 1316 Capet, Jean I le Posthume

20 Nov 1316 - 03 Jan 1322 Capet, Philippe V le Long

03 Jan 1322 - 01 Feb 1328 Capet, Charles IV le Bel

01 Feb 1328 - 22 Aug 1350 Valois, Philippe VI

22 Aug 1350 - 08 Apr 1364 Valois, Jean II le Bon

08 Apr 1364 - 16 Sep 1380 Valois, Charles V le Sage

16 Sep 1380 - 21 Oct 1422 Valois, Charles VI "le Fol"

21 Oct 1422 - 22 Jul 1461 Valois, Charles VII "le Victorieux ou le Bien Servi"

22 Jul 1461 - 30 Aug 1483 Valois, Louis XI "le Prudent"

30 Aug 1483 - 07 Apr 1498 Valois, Charles VIII "l'Affable"

07 Apr 1498 - 01 Jan 1515 Valois, Louis XII "le Père du Peuple"

01 Jan 1515 - 31 Mar 1547 Valois, François I

31 Mar 1547 - 10 Jul 1559 Valois, Henri II

10 Jul 1559 - 05 Dec 1560 Valois, François II

05 Dec 1560 - 30 May 1574 Valois, Charles IX

30 May 1574 - 02 Aug 1589 Valois, Henri III

02 Aug 1589 - 14 May 1610 Bourbon, Henri IV ......................................... 1553-1610 "le Grand"

14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 Bourbon, Louis XIII ....................................... 1601-1643 "le Juste"

14 May 1610 - 27 Sep 1614 de Medici, Queen Marie .................................... 1575-1642

                          (Queen-Regent)

14 May 1643 - 01 Sep 1715 Bourbon, Louis XIV ........................................ 1638-1715

                          "le Grand ou le Roi-Soleil"

14 May 1643 - 05 Sep 1651 Habsburg, Queen Anne Maria Mauricia ....................... 1601-1666

                          (Queen-Regent)

01 Sep 1715 - 10 May 1774 Bourbon, Louis XV ......................................... 1710-1774 "le Roi-Citoyen"

01 Sep 1715 - 15 Feb 1723 Philippe Charles, duc d'Orléans ........................... 1674-1723

                          (Regent)      

10 May 1774 - 21 Sep 1792 Bourbon, Louis XVI ........................................ 1754-1793

                          (supended from 21 Jun 1791)

16 Jan 1793 - 08 Jun 1795 Bourbon, Louis XVII ....................................... 1785-1795

                          (prisoner, never reigned)

 

 

Chief Ministers to the King

02 Aug 1589 - 14 May 1610 Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Scully

15 May 1610 - 27 Apr 1617 Concini, conde della Penna,

                           marquis et Maréchal d'Ancre .............................. 1575-1617

12 Aug 1624 - 04 Dec 1642 Armand Jean du Plessis,

                           Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu et de Fronsac .................. 1585-1642

05 Dec 1642 - 09 Mar 1661 Jules Cardinal Marazin

10 Mar 1661 - 06 Sep 1683 Jean-Baptiste Colbert ..................................... 1619-1683

01 Sep 1715 - 10 Aug 1723 Guillaume Cardinal Dubois ................................. 1656-1723

02 Dec 1723 - 11 Jul 1726 Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, duc d'Bourbon, duc d'Guise

                           Prince de Condé .......................................... 1692-1740

11 Jul 1726 - 29 Jan 1743 André-Hercule Cardinal de Fleury .......................... 1653-1743

30 Jan 1743 - 31 Dec 1770 Étienne-François, comte de Stainville,

                           duc de Choiseul .......................................... 1719-1785

01 Jan 1771 - 10 May 1774 Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis de Richelieu,

                           duc d'Aiguillon .......................................... 1720-1782

11 May 1774 - 21 Nov 1781 Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas ............... 1701-1781

22 Nov 1781 - 13 Jan 1787 Charles Gravier, conde de Vergennes ....................... 1717-1787

01 May 1787 - 25 Aug 1788 Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne ..................... 1727-1794

26 Aug 1788 - 11 Jul 1789 Jacques Necker ............................................ 1732-1804

                          (1st Time)

11 Jul      - 16 Jul 1790 Louis Charles Auguste le Tonnelier,

                           baron de Breteuil, baron de Preuilly ..................... 1730-1807

16 Jul 1789 - 03 Sep 1790 Jacques Necker (2nd Time)

03 Sep 1790 - 20 Nov 1791 Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin de Saint Herem ............ 1745-1792

 

• Former Provinces

 

First French Republic 1792-1804

 

Consulate 1799- 1804

Republic 1792-1799

 

Presidents of the National Assembly

25 Jun      - 02 Jul 1791 Alexandre-François-Marie,

                           vicomte de Beauharnais ................................... 1760-1794

02 Jul      - 19 Jul 1791 Charles-Malo-François,

                           comte de Lameth

19 Jul      - 30 Jul 1791 Joseph-Jacques Defermon,

                           dit Defermon des Chapelières

30 Jul      - 13 Aug 1791 Alexandre-François-Marie,

                           vicomte de Beauharnais (2nd Time)

13 Aug      - 27 Aug 1791 Charlesl-Louis-Victor,

                           prince de Broglie

27 Aug      - 10 Sep 1791 Théodore Vernier

10 Sep      - 14 Sep 1791 Jacques-Guillaume Thouret

10 Aug      - 19 Aug 1792 Jean François Honoré Merlet

19 Aug      - 02 Sep 1792 Jean-François Delacroix,

                           dit Lacroix .............................................. 1754-1793

02 Sep      - 16 Sep 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles

16 Sep      - 20 Sep 1792 Pierre Joseph Cambon

Presidents of the National Convention

20 Sep      - 04 Oct 1792 Jèrôme Pétion de Villeneurve .............................. 1756-1794

04 Oct      - 18 Oct 1792 Jean-François Delacroix

                           dit Lacroix

18 Oct      - 31 Oct 1792 Marguerite Élie Guadet

01 Nov      - 15 Nov 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (1st Time)

15 Nov      - 29 Nov 1792 Henri Baptiste Grégoire

29 Nov      - 13 Dec 1792 Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

13 Dec      - 27 Dec 1792 Joseph-Jacques Defermon,

                           dit Defermon des Chapelières

27 Dec 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Jean Baptiste Treilhard ................................... 1742-1810

10 Jan      - 24 Jan 1793 Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud

24 Jan      - 07 Feb 1793 Jean-Paul Rabaut,

                           dit Rabaut Saint-Étienne

07 Feb      - 21 Feb 1793 Jean-Jacques Bréard,

                           dit Bréard-Duplessis

21 Feb      - 07 Mar 1793 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de Crancé,

                           dit Dubois-Crancé

07 Mar      - 21 Mar 1793 Arnaud Gensonné

21 Mar      - 04 Apr 1793 Jean Antoine Joseph Debry

04 Apr      - 18 Apr 1793 Jean François Bertrand Delmas

18 Apr      - 02 May 1793 Marc David Alba, dit Alba-Lasource

02 May      - 16 May 1793 Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède

16 May      - 30 May 1793 Honoré Maximin Isnard

30 May      - 13 Jun 1793 François René Auguste Mallarmé

13 Jun      - 27 Jun 1793 Jean-Marie Collot,

                           dit Collot d'Herbois (1st Time)

27 Jun      - 11 Jul 1793 Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière

11 Jul      - 25 Jul 1793 André Jeanbon,

                           dit Jeanbon Saint-André

25 Jul      - 08 Aug 1793 Georges-Jacques Danton

08 Aug      - 22 Aug 1793 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (2nd Time)

22 Aug      - 05 Sep 1793 Maximilien François Marie

                           Isidor de Robespierre .................................... 1758-1794

                           (1st Time)

05 Sep      - 19 Sep 1793 Jacques Nicolas Billaud,

                           dit Billaud-Varenne

19 Sep      - 03 Oct 1793 Pierre Joseph Cambon

03 Oct      - 22 Oct 1793 Charles Louis Joseph Charlier

22 Oct      - 06 Nov 1793 Moïse Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle

06 Nov      - 21 Nov 1793 Pierre Antoine Laloy

21 Nov      - 06 Dec 1793 Charles Gilbert Romme

06 Dec      - 21 Dec 1793 Jean-Henri Voulland

21 Dec 1793 - 05 Jan 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon

05 Jan      - 20 Jan 1794 Jacques Louis Alexis

20 Jan      - 04 Feb 1794 Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier

04 Feb      - 19 Feb 1794 Joseph Nicolas Barbeau Du Barren,

                           dit Dubarran

19 Feb      - 06 Mar 1794 Louis de Saint-Just

06 Mar      - 21 Mar 1794 Philippe Jacques Ruhl

21 Mar      - 05 Apr 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien

05 Apr      - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Baptiste André Amar

20 Apr      - 05 May 1794 Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet

05 May      - 20 May 1794 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot

20 May      - 04 Jun 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois,

                           dit Prieur de la Côte d'Or (1st Time)

04 Jun      - 19 Jul 1794 Maximilien François Marie

                           Isidor de Robespierre (2nd Time)

19 Jun      - 05 Jul 1794 Élie Lacoste

05 Jul      - 19 Jul 1794 Jean-Antoine Louis,

                           dit Louis du Bas-Rhin

19 Jul      - 03 Aug 1794 Jean-Marie Collot,

                           dit Collot d'Herbois

03 Aug      - 18 Aug 1794 Philippe Antoine Merlin,

                           dit Merlin de Douai ...................................... 1754-1838

18 Aug      - 03 Sep 1794 Antoine Christophe Merlin,

                           dit Merlin de Thionville

03 Sep      - 22 Sep 1794 André Antoine Bernard des Jeuzines,

                           dit Bernard de Saintes

22 Sep      - 07 Oct 1794 André Dumont

07 Oct      - 22 Oct 1794 Jean Jacques Régis Cambacérès

22 Oct      - 06 Nov 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur,

                           bit Prieur de la Marne

06 Nov      - 24 Nov 1794 Louis Legendre

24 Nov      - 06 Dec 1794 Jean-Baptiste Clauzel

06 Dec      - 21 Dec 1794 Jean-François Reuball

21 Dec 1794 - 06 Jan 1795 Pierre Louis Bentabole

06 Jan      - 20 Jan 1795 Étienne François Louis Honoré

                           Letourneur

20 Jan      - 04 Feb 1795 Joseph Stanislas François

04 Feb      - 19 Feb 1795 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras

19 Feb      - 06 Mar 1795 François Louis Bourdon,

                           dit Bourdon del'Oise

06 Mar      - 24 Mar 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau

24 Mar      - 05 Apr 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère

05 Apr      - 20 Apr 1795 François Antoine Boissey d'Anglas

20 Apr      - 05 May 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès .................................... 1748-1836

05 May      - 25 May 1795 Théodore Vernier

25 May      - 04 Jun 1795 Jean Baptiste Charles Mathieu,

                           dit Mathieu-Mirampal

04 Jun      - 19 Jun 1795 Jean-Denis Lanjuinais

19 Jun      - 04 Jul 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray

04 Jul      - 19 Jul 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de

                           Pontécoulant

19 Jul      - 03 Aug 1795 Louis Marie La Revellière,

                           dit La Revellière-Lépeaux

03 Aug      - 19 Aug 1795 Pierre Claude François Daunou

19 Aug      - 02 Sep 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier

02 Sep      - 23 Sep 1795 Théophile Berlier

23 Sep      - 08 Oct 1795 Pierre Charles Louis Baudin,

                           dit Baudin des Ardennes

08 Oct      - 26 Oct 1795 Charles François Jean Joseph

                           Victor Génissieu

Directors of the Republic

02 Nov 1795 - 31 Jan 1796 Jean-François Reubell ..................................... 1747-1807

01 Feb      - 30 Apr 1796 Étienne François Louis Honoré

                           Le Tourneur .............................................. 1751-1817

01 May      - 29 Jul 1796 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1st Time)

29 Jul      - 31 Oct 1796 Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux ...................... 1753-1824

01 Nov 1796 - 30 Jan 1797 Jean Paul François Jean Nicolas de Barras ................. 1755-1829

30 Jan      - 30 Apr 1797 Jean François Reubell (2nd Time)

01 May      - 26 May 1797 Étienne François Louis Honoré (2nd Time)

26 May      - 24 Aug 1797 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (2nd Time)

24 Aug      - 27 Nov 1797 Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (2nd Time)

27 Feb 1797 - 25 Feb 1798 Jean Paul François Jean Nicolas de Barras (2nd Time)

25 Feb      - 26 May 1798 Philippe Antoine Merlin,

                           dit Merlin de Douai (1st Time)

26 May      - 24 Aug 1798 Jean-François Reubell (3rd Time)

24 Aug      - 27 Nov 1798 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard

27 Nov 1798 - 25 Feb 1799 Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (3rd Time)

25 Feb      - 26 May 1799 Jean Paul François Jean Nicolas de Barras (3rd Time)

26 May      - 18 Jun 1799 Philippe Antoine Merlin,

                           dit Merlin de Douai (2nd Time)

18 Jun      - 23 Sep 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

23 Sep      - 10 Nov 1799 Louis-Jèrôme Gohier ....................................... 1746-1830

10 Nov      - 25 Dec 1799 Consular Executibe Commission

                          - Napoléon Bonaparte

                          - Pierre Roger Ducos, Comte de Ducos ...................... 1747-1816

                          - Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

                          - Charles François Lebrun de Plaisance .................... 1739-1824

Consul of the Republic

10 Nov 1799 - 18 May 1804 Napoléon Bonaparte ........................................ 1769-1821

 

Ministers of Public Contributions and Revenues

21 Sep 1792 - 13 Jul 1793 Étienne Clavière

13 Jun 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Louis Grégoire Des Champs

                           des Tournelles

Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention

20 Apr      - 27 Jul 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon

20 Apr      - 27 Jul 1794 Maximilien François Marie

                           Isidor de Robespierre

20 Apr      - 27 Jul 1794 Louis de Saint-Just

 

20 Apr      - 31 Jul 1794 Pierre Louis Prier dit,

                           Prieurde la Mare

20 Apr      - 31 Jul 1794 André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint-André

20 Apr      - 01 Sep 1794 Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

20 Apr      - 01 Sep 1794 Jacques Nicolas Billaud,

                           dit Billaud-Varenne

20 Apr      - 01 Sep 1794 Jean-Marie Collot,

                           dit Collot d'Herbois

20 Apr      - 06 Oct 1794 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot

20 Apr      - 06 Oct 1794 Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet

20 Apr      - 06 Oct 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois,

                           dit Prieur de la Côte d'Or

31 Jul      - 05 Nov 1794 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard

31 Jul      - 05 Dec 1794 Jean-Jacques Bréard, dit

                           Bréard-Duplessis

07 Oct      - 04 Nov 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier

07 Oct      - 04 Nov 1795 Joseph Eschassériaux

07 Oct      - 04 Nov 1795 Charles Claude Christophe Gourdan

07 Oct      - 04 Nov 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau

French Empire 1804-1814, 1815, 1852-1870

1804-1815, 1852-1870

 

Emperors

18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814 Bonaparte, Napoléon I

                          (1st Time)

20 Mar      - 22 Jun 1815 Bonaparte, Napoléon I (2nd Time)

22 Jun      - 07 Jul 1815 Bonaparte, Napoléon II .................................... 1811-1832

01 Dec 1852 - 04 Sep 1870 Bonaparte, Napoléon III ................................... 1808-1873

 

Archchancellor

10 Nov 1799 - 11 Apr 1814 Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres, duc de Parme

Secretaries of State

25 Dec 1799 - 14 Apr 1811 Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano ...................... 1763-1839

                          (1st Time)

14 Apr 1811 - 20 Nov 1813 Pierre Bruno, comte Daru

20 Nov 1813 - 01 Apr 1814 Hugues Bernard Maret,

                           duc de Bassano (2nd Time)

20 Apr      - 22 Jun 1815 Hugues Bernard Maret,

                           duc de Bassano (3rd Time)

Minister presidents of the Council of State

30 Dec 1852 - 23 Jun 1863 Pierre Jules Baroche

23 Jun      - 18 Oct 1863 Eugene Roucher

18 Oct 1863 - 28 Sep 1864 Gustave Rouland

28 Sep 1864 - 17 Jul 1869 Adolphe Vuitry

17 Jul 1869 - 02 Jan 1870 Justin de Chasseloup-Laubat

02 Jan      - 10 Aug 1870 Marie Louis Pierre Felix Esquirou

                           de Parieu

10 Aug      - 04 Sep 1870 Jules Henry Busson-Billault

 

Prussian Commander

02 Sep 1870 - 25 Jun 1871 Hemuth Graf von Moltke

Governor-general

   Dec 1870 - 25 Jun 1871 Georg Friedrich Alfred,

                           Graf von Frabrice

Commander of the German Army of Occupation

25 Jun 1871 - 16 Sep 1873 Edwin von Manteuffel

Kingdom of France 1814-1815, 1815-1848

1831-1848

1831-1848

Bourbon Resteration 1814-15, 1815-1830

 

 

Kings

02 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815 Bourbon, Louis XVIII ...................................... 1755-1824

                          (1st Time)

08 Jul 1815 - 16 Sep 1824 Bourbon, Louis XVIII (2nd Time)

16 Sep 1824 - 31 Jul 1830 Bourbon, Charles X ........................................ 1757-1836

31 Jul 1830 (20 minuets)  Bourbon, Henri V

31 Jul 1830 - 24 Feb 1848 d'Orléans, Louis-Philippe I ............................... 1773-1850

                          "le Roi-Citoyen"

 

Prime Ministers

09 Jul      - 26 Sep 1815 Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ............. 1754-1838

26 Sep 1815 - 29 Dec 1818 Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis .............. 1766-1822

                          (1st Time)

29 Dec 1818 - 19 Nov 1819 Jean-Joseph Paul Augustin, Marquis Dessolles .............. 1767-1828

19 Nov 1819 - 20 Feb 1820 Élie Decazes, duc Decazes et de Glücksbieg ................ 1780-1860

20 Feb 1820 - 14 Dec 1821 Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis (2nd Time)

14 Dec 1821 - 04 Jan 1828 Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin ........ 1773-1854

04 Jan 1828 - 08 Aug 1829 Jean-Baptiste Sylvère Gay,

                           vicomte de Martignac ..................................... 1778-1832

08 Aug 1829 - 29 Jul 1830 Prince Jules Auguste Armand Marie de Polignac ............. 1780-1847

13 Aug      - 02 Nov 1830 Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles duc de Broglie .............. 1785-1870

                          (1st Time)

02 Nov 1830 - 13 Mar 1831 Jacques Laffitte .......................................... 1767-1844

13 Mar 1831 - 16 May 1832 Casimir Pierre Perier ..................................... 1777-1832

11 Oct 1832 - 18 Jul 1834 Nicolas-Jean-de-Dieu Soult,

                           duc de Dalmatie .......................................... 1769-1851

                          (1st Time)

18 Jul      - 10 Nov 1834 Étienne Maurice Gérard, comte Gérard ...................... 1773-1852

10 Nov      - 18 Nov 1834 Hugues-Bernard Maret,

                           duc de Bassano ........................................... 1763-1839

18 Nov 1834 - 12 Mar 1835 Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier,

                           duc de Trévise ........................................... 1768-1835

12 Mar 1835 - 22 Feb 1836 Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles,

                           duc de Broglie (2nd Time)

22 Feb      - 06 Sep 1836 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (1st Time)

06 Sep 1836 - 31 Mar 1839 Louis Mathieu, comte Molé ................................. 1781-1855

12 May 1839 - 01 Mar 1840 Nicolas-Jean-de-Dieu Soult,

                           duc de Dalmatie (2nd Time)

01 Mar      - 29 Oct 1840 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (2nd Time)

29 Oct 1840 - 19 Sep 1847 Nicolas-Jean-de-Dieu Soult,

                           duc de Dalmatie (3rd Time)

19 Sep 1847 - 23 Feb 1848 François Pierre Guillaume Guizot .......................... 1787-1874

 

 

Commander of the Allied Occupation Army

07 Jun 1815 - 30 Nov 1818 Sir Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellesley of Wellington (Great Britain)

Unofficial 1912, 1995

Unofficial 1953

Vichy France 1940-44

1898-1953

French Republic

 

Government: Republic.

Capital: Paris (Vichy 1940-44).

Language: French (only recognised language), Occitan, German, Bretton, Corsican, Catalan, Flemish.

Religion: (State officially secular), Roman Catholic, Islam, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist.

National Anthem: "La Marseillaise".

National Day: "Bastille Day" 14 July (1789).

National Emplem: Cockrel.

National Motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, egality, fraternity).

EU Accession: Founding member 1957.

Currency: Euro (French Franc to 2001).

 

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic

24 Feb      - 09 May 1848 Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure

09 May      - 10 May 1848 Philippe Joseph Benjamin Buchez

10 May      - 24 Jun 1848 Dominique François Jean Arago

24 Jun      - 28 Jun 1848 Antoine Maria Jules Sénard

28 Jun      - 20 Dec 1848 Louis-Eugène Cavaignac

Presidents

20 Dec 1848 - 30 Nov 1852 Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte

04 Sep 1870 - 13 Sep 1871 Louis Jules Trochu ........................................ 1815-1896

12 Feb      - 16 Feb 1871 Denis Emmanuel, comte Benoist d'Azy ....................... 1796-1880

17 Feb 1871 - 24 May 1873 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ......................... 1797-1877

24 May 1873 - 30 Jan 1879 Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice de MacMahon,

                           comte de McMahon, duc de Magenta ......................... 1808-1893

30 Jan 1879 - 02 Dec 1887 François Jules Paul Grévy ................................. 1798-1881

03 Dec 1887 - 25 Jun 1894 Marie François Sadi Carnot ................................ 1837-1894

27 Jun 1894 - 16 Jan 1895 Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier ........................... 1847-1907

17 Jan 1895 - 16 Feb 1899 François Félix Faure ...................................... 1841-1899

18 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1906 Émile François Loubet ..................................... 1838-1929

18 Feb 1906 - 18 Feb 1913 Clément Armand Fallières .................................. 1841-1931

18 Feb 1913 - 18 Feb 1920 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré ........................... 1860-1934

18 Feb      - 21 Sep 1920 Paul Eugene Louis Deschanel ............................... 1855-1922

21 Feb 1920 - 11 Jun 1924 Étienne Alexandre Millerand ............................... 1859-1943

13 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1931 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue ........................ 1863-1937

13 Jun 1931 - 07 May 1932 Joseph Athanase Gaston Doumer ............................. 1857-1932

10 May 1932 - 11 Jun 1940 Albert François Lebrun .................................... 1871-1946

11 Jun 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 Henri Pilippe Pétain ...................................... 1856-1951

                          (Chief of State, in Vichey)

20 Aug 1944 - 16 Jan 1947 The Heads of Government

16 Jan 1947 - 16 Jan 1954 Jules Vincent Auriol ...................................... 1884-1966

16 Jan 1954 - 08 Jan 1959 René Jules Gustave Coty ................................... 1882-1962

08 Jan 1959 - 20 Jun 1969 Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ...................... 1890-1970 UNR

20 Jun 1969 - 03 Apr 1974 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou ............................. 1911-1974 UDR

27 May 1974 - 21 May 1981 Valéry Marie René Giscard d'Estaing ....................... 1926-     RI

21 May 1981 - 17 May 1995 François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand .................. 1916-1996 PS

17 May 1995 - 17 May 2007 Jacques René Chirac ....................................... 1932-     RPR (UMP from 2002)

17 May 2007 - 15 May 2012 Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ............... 1955-     UMP

15 May 2012 -             François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande .................. 1954-     PS

 

Prime Ministers

24 Feb      - 09 May 1848 Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure .......................... 1767-1855

09 May      - 24 Jun 1848 Francesc Joan Domènec Aragó ............................... 1786-1853

28 Jun      - 20 Dec 1848 Louis-Eugène Cavaignac .................................... 1802-1857

20 Dec 1848 - 31 Oct 1849 Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot ........................... 1791-1873

01 Nov 1849 - 10 Apr 1851 Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul .......................... 1789-1865

10 Apr      - 26 Oct 1851 Léonard Joseph Léon Faucher ............................... 1803-1854

27 Dec 1869 - 09 Aug 1870 Olivier Émile Ollivier .................................... 1825-1913

09 Aug      - 04 Sep 1870 Charles Guillaume Marie Appollinaire Antoine Montauban .... 1796-1878

04 Sep 1870 - 18 Jan 1871 Louis Jules Trochu

19 Feb 1871 - 24 May 1873 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufraure ........................... 1798-1881

                          (1st Time)

24 May 1873 - 22 May 1874 Jacques-Victor-Albert, duc de Broglie ..................... 1821-1901

                          (1st Time)

22 May 1874 - 10 Mar 1875 Ernest Louis Octave Courlot de Cissey ..................... 1810-1882

10 Mar 1875 - 23 Feb 1876 Louis Joseph Buffet ....................................... 1818-1898

23 Feb      - 12 Dec 1876 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufraure (2nd Time)

12 Dec 1876 - 17 May 1877 Jules François Simon ...................................... 1814-1896

14 May      - 23 Nov 1877 Jacques-Victor-Albert, duc de Broglie (2nd Time)

23 Nov      - 13 Dec 1877 Gaëtan de Grimaudet de Rochebouët ......................... 1813-1899

13 Dec 1877 - 04 Feb 1879 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufraure (3rd Time)

04 Feb      - 28 Dec 1879 William Henry Waddington .................................. 1826-1894

28 Dec 1879 - 23 Sep 1880 Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet ..................... 1828-1923

                          (1st Time)

23 Sep 1880 - 14 Nov 1881 Jules François Camille Ferry .............................. 1832-1893

                          (1st Time)

14 Nov 1881 - 30 Jan 1882 Léon Gambetta ............................................. 1838-1882

30 Jan      - 07 Aug 1882 Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (2nd Time)

07 Aug 1882 - 29 Jan 1883 Charles Théodore Eugène Duclerc ........................... 1882-1883

21 Feb 1883 - 06 Apr 1885 Jules François Camille Ferry (2nd Time)

29 Jan      - 21 Feb 1883 Clément Armand Fallières .................................. 1841-1921

06 Apr 1885 - 07 Jan 1886 Eugène Henri Brisson ...................................... 1835-1912

07 Jan      - 19 Dec 1886 Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (3rd Time)

19 Dec 1886 - 30 May 1887 René Goblet ............................................... 1828-1905

30 May      - 12 Dec 1887 Maurice Rouvier ........................................... 1842-1911

                          (1st Time)

12 Dec 1887 - 03 Apr 1888 Pierre Emmanuel Tirard .................................... 1827-1893

                          (1st Time)

03 Apr 1888 - 22 Feb 1889 Charles Thomas Floquet .................................... 1828-1896

22 Feb 1889 - 17 Mar 1890 Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (2nd Time)

17 Mar 1890 - 27 Feb 1892 Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (4th Time)

27 Feb      - 06 Dec 1892 Émile François Loubet

06 Feb 1892 - 04 Apr 1893 Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot .............................. 1842-1923

                          (1st Time)

04 Apr      - 03 Dec 1893 Charles Alexandre Dupuy ................................... 1851-1923

                          (1st Time)

03 Dec 1893 - 30 May 1894 Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier ........................... 1847-1907

30 May 1894 - 26 Jan 1895 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (2nd Time)

26 Jan      - 31 Oct 1895 Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (2nd Time)

01 Nov 1895 - 29 Apr 1896 Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois ............................. 1851-1925

29 Apr 1896 - 28 Jun 1898 Félix Jules Méline ........................................ 1838-1925

01 Nov 1898 - 22 Jun 1899 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (3rd Time)

22 Jun 1899 - 07 Jun 1902 Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau ................. 1846-1904

07 Jun 1902 - 24 Jan 1905 Émile Combes .............................................. 1835-1921

24 Jan 1905 - 12 Mar 1906 Maurice Rouvier (2nd Time)

12 Mar      - 25 Oct 1906 Jean Marie Ferdinand Sarrien .............................. 1840-1915

25 Oct 1906 - 24 Jul 1909 Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ............................... 1841-1929

                          (1st Time)

24 Jul 1909 - 02 Mar 1911 Aristide Briand ........................................... 1862-1932

                          (1st Time)

02 Mar      - 27 Jun 1911 Antoine Emmanuel Ernest Monis ............................. 1846-1929

27 Jun 1911 - 21 Jan 1912 Joseph-Marie-Auguste Caillaux ............................. 1863-1944

21 Jan 1912 - 21 Jan 1913 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (1st Time)

21 Jan      - 22 Mar 1913 Aristide Briand (2nd Time)

22 Mar      - 09 Dec 1913 Jean Louis Barthou ........................................ 1862-1934

09 Dec 1913 - 09 Jun 1914 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (1st Time)

09 Jun      - 13 Jun 1914 Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (3rd Time)

13 Jun 1914 - 29 Oct 1915 Jean Raphaël Adrien René Viviani .......................... 1863-1925

29 Oct 1915 - 20 Mar 1917 Aristide Briand (3rd Time)

20 Mar      - 12 Sep 1917 Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (3rd Time)

12 Sep      - 16 Nov 1917 Paul Painlevé ............................................. 1863-1913

16 Nov 1917 - 20 Jan 1920 Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (2nd Time)

20 Jan      - 24 Sep 1920 Étienne Alexandre Millerand

24 Sep 1920 - 16 Jan 1921 Georges Leygues ........................................... 1857-1933

16 Jan 1921 - 15 Jan 1922 Aristide Briand (4th Time)

15 Jan 1922 - 08 Jun 1924 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (2nd Time)

08 Jun      - 15 Jun 1924 Frédéric François-Marsal .................................. 1874-1958

15 Jun 1924 - 17 Apr 1925 Édouard Hérriot ........................................... 1872-1957

                          (1st Time)

28 Nov 1925 - 20 Jul 1926 Aristide Briand (5th Time)

20 Jul      - 23 Jul 1926 Édouard Hérriot (2nd Time)

17 Apr      - 28 Nov 1928 Paul Painlevé (2nd Time)

23 Jul 1926 - 29 Jul 1929 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (3rd Time)

29 Jul      - 02 Nov 1929 Aristide Briand (6th Time)

02 Nov 1929 - 21 Feb 1930 André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu ....................... 1876-1945

21 Feb      - 02 Mar 1930 Camille Chautemps ......................................... 1885-1963

                          (1st Time)

02 Mar      - 13 Dec 1930 André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (2nd Time)

13 Dec 1930 - 27 Jan 1931 Théodore Steeg ............................................ 1868-1950

27 Jan 1931 - 20 Feb 1932 Pierre Laval .............................................. 1883-1945

20 Feb      - 03 Jun 1932 André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (3rd Time)

03 Jun      - 18 Dec 1932 Édouard Hérriot (3rd Time)

18 Dec 1932 - 31 Jan 1933 Augustin Alfred Joseph Paul-Boncour ....................... 1873-1972

31 Jan      - 26 Oct 1933 Édouard Daladier .......................................... 1884-1970

26 Oct      - 26 Nov 1933 Albert-Pierre Sarraut ..................................... 1872-1962

26 Nov 1933 - 30 Jan 1934 Camille Chautemps (2nd Time)

30 Jan      - 09 Feb 1934 Édouard Daladier (2nd Time)

09 Feb 1934 - 08 Nov 1935 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (2nd Time)

08 Nov 1934 - 01 Jun 1935 Pierre Étienne Flandin .................................... 1889-1958

01 Jun      - 07 Jun 1935 Fernand Bouisson .......................................... 1874-1959

07 Jun 1935 - 24 Jan 1936 Pierre Laval (2nd Time)

22 Jun 1937 - 19 Mar 1938 Camille Chautemps (3rd Time)

04 Jun 1936 - 22 Jun 1937 André Léon Blum ........................................... 1872-1950

                          (1st Time)

13 Mar      - 10 Apr 1938 André Léon Blum (2nd Time)

10 Apr      - 21 Mar 1940 Édouard Daladier (3rd Time)

21 Mar      - 16 Jun 1940 Paul Reymaund ............................................. 1878-1966

11 Jul      - 13 Dec 1940 Pierre Laval (2nd Time)

18 Apr 1942 - 20 Aug 1944 Pierre Laval (3rd Time)

03 Jun 1944 - 26 Jan 1946 Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (1st Time)

26 Jan      - 24 Jun 1946 Félix Gouin ............................................... 1884-1977

24 Jun      - 28 Nov 1946 Georges-Augustine Bidault ................................. 1899-1983

28 Nov      - 16 Dec 1946 Vincent Jules Auriol ...................................... 1884-1966

16 Dec 1946 - 16 Jan 1947 André Léon Blum (3rd Time)

22 Jan      - 24 Nov 1947 Paul Ramadier ............................................. 1888-1961

24 Nov 1947 - 26 Jul 1948 Robert Schuman ............................................ 1886-1963

26 Jul      - 05 Sep 1948 André Marie ............................................... 1897-1974

11 Sep 1948 - 28 Oct 1949 Henri Queuille ............................................ 1884-1970

02 Jul      - 12 Jul 1950 Henri Queuille (2nd Time)

12 Jul 1950 - 10 Mar 1951 René Pleven ............................................... 1901-1993

                          (1st Time)

10 Mar      - 11 Aug 1951 Henri Queuille (3rd Time)

11 Aug 1951 - 20 Jan 1952 René Pleven (2nd Time)

20 Jan      - 08 Mar 1952 Edgar Faure ............................................... 1908-1988

08 Mar 1952 - 08 Jan 1953 Antoine Pinay ............................................. 1891-1994

08 Jan      - 28 Jun 1953 René Mayer ................................................ 1895-1972

28 Jul 1953 - 19 Jun 1954 Joseph Laniel ............................................. 1889-1975

19 Jun 1954 - 23 Feb 1955 Pierre Mendès France ...................................... 1907-1982

23 Feb      - 17 Mar 1955 Christian Pineau .......................................... 1904-1995

17 Mar 1955 - 31 Jan 1956 Edgar Faure (2nd Time)

01 Feb 1956 - 12 Jun 1957 Guy Mollet ................................................ 1905-1975

13 Jun      - 06 Nov 1957 Maurice Jean Marie Bourgès-Maunoury ....................... 1914-1993

06 Nov 1957 - 13 May 1958 Félix Gaillard d'Aimé ..................................... 1919-1970

14 May      - 31 May 1958 Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin ............................... 1907-2000

01 Jun 1958 - 08 Jan 1959 Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (2nd Time)                       UNR

08 Jan 1959 - 14 Apr 1962 Michel Jean-Pierre Debré .................................. 1912-1996 UNR

14 Apr 1962 - 10 Jun 1968 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou

10 Jun 1968 - 20 Jun 1969 Maurice Couve de Murville ................................. 1907-1999 UNR

20 Jun 1969 - 05 Apr 1973 Jacques Michel Pierre Chaban-Delmas ....................... 1915-2000 UDR

05 Apr 1973 - 27 May 1974 Pierre Joseph Augustin Messmer ............................ 1916-2007 UDR

27 May 1974 - 26 Aug 1976 Jacques René Chirac (1st Time)

26 Aug 1976 - 21 May 1981 Raymond Octave Joseph Barre ............................... 1924-2007 UDR

21 May 1981 - 17 Jul 1984 Pierre Mauroy ............................................. 1928-     PS

17 Jul 1984 - 20 Mar 1986 Laurent Fabius ............................................ 1946-     PS

20 Mar 1986 - 10 May 1988 Jacques René Chirac (2nd Time)

10 May 1988 - 15 May 1991 Michel Rocard ............................................. 1930-     PS

15 May 1991 - 02 Apr 1992 Édith Campion Cresson ..................................... 1934-     PS

02 Apr 1992 - 29 Mar 1993 Pierre Eugene Bérégovy .................................... 1925-1993 PS

29 Mar 1993 - 18 May 1995 Édouard Balladur .......................................... 1929-     RPR

18 May 1995 - 05 Jun 1997 Alain Marie Juppé ......................................... 1945-     RPR

05 Jun 1997 - 06 May 2002 Lionel Jospin ............................................. 1937-     PS

06 May 2002 - 31 May 2005 Jean-Pierre Raffarin ...................................... 1948-     UMP

01 Jun 2005 - 17 May 2007 Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin ....... 1953-     UMP

17 May 2007 - 15 May 2012 François Charles Amand Fillon ............................. 1954-     UMP

15 May 2012 -             Jean-Marc Ayrault ......................................... 1950-     PS

 

 

• Regions

CD=Centre démocrate (Democratic Centre, Centerist, dissolved 1976)

DVG=Divers Gauche (Miscellaneous Left)

FN=Front National (National Front, Nationalist, populist, isolationist)

LV=Les Verts (The Greens, Enviromentalist, Leftist)

PCF=Parti communiste français (French Communist Party, Communist)

PS=Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party, Social Democratic)

RI=Fédération Nationale des Républicains Indépendants

    (National federation of  independant republicans, Conservative [Now dissolved])

RPR=Rassemblement pour la Republique (Rally for the Republic, Gaullist, Consevative 1976-2002)

UDR=Union pour la défense de la République (Gaullist, became UNR 1976)

UMP=Union pour un Moverment Populaire (Union for a popular movement,

     Rightwing, Conservative; former UNR/UDR)

UNR=L'Union pour la nouvelle République (Gaullist, renamed UDR 1968)